Porosity Determination of Carbon and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers Using Phase-Contrast Imaging

Gusenbauer, Christian; Reiter, Michael; Plank, Bernhard; Salaberger, Dietmar; Senck, Sascha; Kastner, Johann

doi:10.1007/s10921-018-0529-6

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…DFI has found applications in the food industry (DFI is sensitive to the raw, frozen, and defrosted state of fruits [ 29 ] and can monitor the germinating of barley seeds, providing valuable insights into the growth process [ 30 ]), material science (DFI has enabled the study of pores and defects in fiber-reinforced polymers [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], composites [ 36 , 37 ], stearin [ 38 ], thermoplastics [ 39 ], and metals [ 40 , 41 ], invisible in standard attenuation-based imaging because of their size or composition), and the building industry (monitoring of hardening of cement [ 42 , 43 ] and detection of micro-cracks in concrete [ 44 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of the X-ray Dark-Field Signal in Mineral Building Materials

Blykers

Organista²,

Kagias³

et al. 2022

J. Imaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mineral building materials suffer from weathering processes such as salt efflorescence, freeze–thaw cycling, and microbial colonization. All of these processes are linked to water (liquid and vapor) in the pore space. The degree of damage following these processes is heavily influenced by pore space properties such as porosity, pore size distribution, and pore connectivity. X-ray computed micro-tomography (µCT) has proven to be a valuable tool to non-destructively investigate the pore space of stone samples in 3D. However, a trade-off between the resolution and field-of-view often impedes reliable conclusions on the material’s properties. X-ray dark-field imaging (DFI) is based on the scattering of X-rays by sub-voxel-sized features, and as such, provides information on the sample complementary to that obtained using conventional µCT. In this manuscript, we apply X-ray dark-field tomography for the first time on four mineral building materials (quartzite, fired clay brick, fired clay roof tile, and carbonated mineral building material), and investigate which information the dark-field signal entails on the sub-resolution space of the sample. Dark-field tomography at multiple length scale sensitivities was performed at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source (Villigen, Switzerland) using a Talbot grating interferometer. The complementary information of the dark-field modality is most clear in the fired clay brick and roof tile; quartz grains that are almost indistinguishable in the conventional µCT scan are clearly visible in the dark-field owing to their low dark-field signal (homogenous sub-voxel structure), whereas the microporous bulk mass has a high dark-field signal. Large (resolved) pores on the other hand, which are clearly visible in the absorption dataset, are almost invisible in the dark-field modality because they are overprinted with dark-field signal originating from the bulk mass. The experiments also showed how the dark-field signal from a feature depends on the length scale sensitivity, which is set by moving the sample with respect to the grating interferometer.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of the X-ray Dark-Field Signal in Mineral Building Materials

Blykers

Organista²,

Kagias³

et al. 2022

J. Imaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to standard absorption contrast (AC), TLGI-XCT provides two complementary, simultaneously measured and mutually aligned imaging modalities, differential phase contrast (DPC) and dark-field contrast (DFC). DPC shows high sensitivity to changes in atomic number [31] and is therefore the ideal modality for the visualization of low-density material compositions such as biological tissue [32,33] and the reduction of metal artifacts [34,35]. On the other hand, DFC visualizes scattering of X-rays, e.g., caused by small structures and defects like cracks or pores in a component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Source (G0), phase (G1) and analyzer grating (G2) as well as X-ray source, detector and specimen position are indicated. Adapted from[34].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-contrast and dark-field imaging for the inspection of resin-rich areas and fiber orientation in non-crimp vacuum infusion carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, we present a multimodal approach to three-dimensionally quantify and visualize fiber orientation and resin-rich areas in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers manufactured by vacuum infusion. Three complementary image modalities were acquired by Talbot–Lau grating interferometer (TLGI) X-ray microcomputed tomography (XCT). Compared to absorption contrast (AC), TLGI-XCT provides enhanced contrast between polymer matrix and carbon fibers at lower spatial resolutions in the form of differential phase contrast (DPC) and dark-field contrast (DFC). Consequently, relatively thin layers of resin, effectively indiscernible from image noise in AC data, are distinguishable. In addition to the assessment of fiber orientation, the combination of DPC and DFC facilitates the quantification of resin-rich areas, e.g., in gaps between fiber layers or at binder yarn collimation sites. We found that resin-rich areas between fiber layers are predominantly developed in regions characterized by a pronounced curvature. In contrast, in-layer resin-rich areas are mainly caused by the collimation of fibers by binder yarn. Furthermore, void volume around two adjacent 90°-oriented fiber layers is increased by roughly 20% compared to a random distribution over the whole specimen.

show abstract

“…EI XPCi is robust against environmental and energy variation, and can be implemented in a laboratory environment with a polychromatic and divergent beam, with variations of focal spot and pixel size having a manageable effect on its sensitivity [11]. Various XPCi methods were previously used to investigate impact damage [13,[17][18][19] and porosity [20,21], and previous work has demonstrated the viability of EI XPCi as an NDE method for impact damage detection in composite plates [22,23]. The complementarity offered by the phase-based signals was demonstrated to be effective in the determination of the type of damage present in the sample due to the different ranges of features observed in each channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite porosity characterization using x-ray edge illumination phase contrast and ultrasonic techniques

Shoukroun

Massimi

Endrizzi

et al. 2021

Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Owing to their combination of low weight and high strength, carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely used in the aerospace industry, including for primary aircraft structures. Porosity introduced by the manufacturing process can compromise structural performance and integrity, with a maximum porosity content of 2% considered acceptable for many aerospace applications. The main nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques used in industry are ultrasonic imaging and X-ray computed tomography, however both techniques have limitations. Edge Illumination X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (EI XPCi) is a novel technique that exploits the phase effects induced by damage and porosity on the X-ray beam to create improved contrast. EI XPCi is a differential (i.e., sensitive to the first derivative of the phase), multi-modal phase method that uses a set of coded aperture masks to acquire and retrieve the absorption, refraction, and ultra-small-angle scattering signals, the latter arising from sub-pixel sample features. For carbon fiber-reinforced woven composite specimens with varying levels of porosity, porosity quantification obtained through various signals produced by EI XPCi was compared to ultrasonic immersion absorption C-scans and matrix digestion. The standard deviation of the differential phase is introduced as a novel signal for the quantification of porosity in composite plates, with good correlation to ultrasonic attenuation.

show abstract

Porosity Determination of Carbon and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers Using Phase-Contrast Imaging

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Exploration of the X-ray Dark-Field Signal in Mineral Building Materials

Exploration of the X-ray Dark-Field Signal in Mineral Building Materials

Phase-contrast and dark-field imaging for the inspection of resin-rich areas and fiber orientation in non-crimp vacuum infusion carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

Composite porosity characterization using x-ray edge illumination phase contrast and ultrasonic techniques

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About