Porous Bismuth Film Electrodes for Signal Increase in Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

Abstract

The hard sphere template approach has been used to elaborate highly porous bismuth film electrodes. These electrodes of controlled porosity show an increased internal electroactive area that can be used to enhance significantly the signals obtained for the detection of various metals like lead and cadmium by anodic stripping voltammetry. This leads to improved detection limits opening promising applications in the field of trace analysis.

Trace level voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium in sediment pore water by a bismuth-oxychloride particle-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified glassy carbon electrode

“…There were numerous efforts to improve the sensitivity of bismuth-based working electrodes, including the expansion of the sensor surface via the synthesis of mesoporous bismuthbased materials [41,42], the enlargement of the substrate electrode surface before modification with bismuth [43] and the incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of bismuth or bismuth-composite nanoparticles [20,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Nafion s protective layers [15,20,21,[23][24][25]27,48,51], or other compounds like surfactants [15,21] or complex-forming agents (e.g.…”

“…Different designs were elaborated to improve the adhesion of bismuth particles onto / into the substrate, especially those based on carbonaceous materials, which expands the applicability of the respective electrodes at various pH, or to enhance the stability, sensitivity and/or selectivity of the electrode surface [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. There were numerous efforts to improve the sensitivity of bismuth-based working electrodes, including the expansion of the sensor surface via the synthesis of mesoporous bismuthbased materials [41,42], the enlargement of the substrate electrode surface before modification with bismuth [43] and the incorporation of micro/nanoparticles of bismuth or bismuth-composite nanoparticles [20,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Design of Catalytically Active Cylindrical and Macroporous Gold Microelectrodes

“…During the last decade, this straightforward technique has been used extensively to generate highly ordered porous structures of different nature starting from films of latex or silica particles as templates. Apart from pure metals, such as gold, platinum, palladium, cobalt, or bismuth,7–10 oxides such as IrO 2 11 or ZnO;12 conducting polymers, such as polyaniline,13 polypyrrole,14 poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT);15 and some inorganic/organic hybrid derivatives16 have been electrodeposited successfully onto various substrates such as gold coated or indium tin oxide (ITO)‐coated glass slides, as well as glassy carbon sheets.…”

Ordered Macroporous Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes for Potentiometric and Amperometric Sensing Applications

“…Not only the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, but also the controlled evaporation method was applied to create colloidal crystals of silica particles [6] and of polystyrene particles [7]. These are simple methods to obtain well organized three-dimensional templates for subsequent electrodeposition of different metals [8][9][10]. In the present work, we used monodisperse polystyrene bead solutions to create templates by the CE method as well as by the LB technique.…”