Porphyrins and related macrocycles: Combining photosensitization with radio- or optical-imaging for next generation theranostic agents

Sandland, Jordon; Malatesti, Nela; Boyle, Ross

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.023

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Furthermore, this property can be used for the identification of remaining dysplastic tissue upon surgical tumor resections, and to monitor the progress of the PDT treatment. Thus the combination of imaging, detection and therapeutic properties confers them the characteristics of theranostic agents [36,37] . PS 5-ALA, which is a prodrug enzymatically converted during heme synthesis to the active PS agent protoporphyrin IX, displays theranostic properties and has brought important knowledge in PDT research and treatment field.…”

Section: Photosensitizers and Photocytotoxicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment - an update review

Santos¹,

Almeida²,

Terra³

et al. 2019

JCMT

320

327

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Cancer remains a worldwide health problem, being the disease with the highest impact on global health. Even with all the recent technological improvements, recurrence and metastasis still are the main cause of death. Since photodynamic therapy (PDT) does not compromise other treatment options and presents reduced long-term morbidity when compared with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, it appears as a promising alternative treatment for controlling malignant diseases. In this review, we set out to perform a broad up-date on PDT in cancer research and treatment, discussing how this approach has been applied and what it could add to breast cancer therapy. We covered topics going from the photochemical mechanisms involved, the different cell death mechanisms being triggered by a myriad of photosensitizers up to the more recent-on-going clinical trials.Metastatic lesions are usually multiple and resistant to conventional therapies, jeopardizing successful surgical resection, chemo and radiation treatment [4] .Light has been known to provide a therapeutic potential for several thousands of years. Over 3000 years ago, since the Ancient, Indian and Chinese civilizations it has been used for the treatment of various diseases [5] mainly in combination with reactive chemicals, for example to treat conditions like vitiligo, psoriasis and skin cancer [6] . After 1895 with the discovery of the phototherapy, which rendered Niels Ryberg Finsen the Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1903 in recognition of his work on the treatment of diseases, and in particular on the treatment of lupus vulgaris by means of concentrated light rays, many studies with the use of light and chemicals emerged [7] .Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently being used as an alternative treatment for the control of malignant diseases [8][9][10] . It is based in the uptake of a photosensitizer (PS) molecule which, upon being excited by light in a determined wavelength, reacts with oxygen and generates oxidant species (radicals, singlet oxygen, triplet species) in target tissues, leading to cell death [11,12] . PDT cytotoxic properties have been established to be due to the oxidation of a large range of biomolecules in cells, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, leading to severe alteration in cell signaling cascades or in gene expression regulation [13,14] . Like all the newly proposed treatments, there is still place for improvements and lots of resources have been invested in this field recently. In this review, we set out to perform a broad up-date on PDT and it implication in cancer research and treatment. We have covered topics going from the photochemical mechanisms involved, the different cell death mechanisms being triggered by a myriad of photosensitizers up to the more recent reported preclinical studies and on-going clinical trials. PHOTOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS OF PDTAs previously stated, PDT involves the photosensitized oxidation of biomolecules which can be separated in two mechanisms. In Type I, light energy passes from exc...

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Section: Photosensitizers and Photocytotoxicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment - an update review

Santos¹,

Almeida²,

Terra³

et al. 2019

JCMT

320

327

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Porphyrins are well-known for their fluorescent properties and also an ability to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by energy or electron transfer from the excited triplet state upon interaction with light . Porphyrins have previously been used to generate theranostic agents for combined cancer therapy and imaging . Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique requiring a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Porphyrins have previously been used to generate theranostic agents for combined cancer therapy and imaging. 10 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique requiring a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen. Absorption of light of the correct wavelength promotes the porphyrin into an electronically excited singlet state which undergoes Laporte forbidden intersystem crossing to the triplet state.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of a Second-Generation Multimodal Water-Soluble Porphyrin-RAPTA Conjugate for the Dual-Therapy of Cancers

et al. 2020

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In this study we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel cationic porphyrin-[Ru(η 6 -arene)(C2O4)PTA] (RAPTA) conjugate with potential as a multimodal dual-therapeutic agent. In the absence of high intensity light, relative to untreated cells our conjugate resulted in a 83% decrease in viable human adenocarcinoma cells at a concentration of 10 μM, which is significantly more active than the 57% decrease achieved with the same concentration of the unconjugated RAPTA complex alone. With a light dose of 20 J cm -2 (400 -1200 nm) a reduction 2 of 98% of viable cells was observed for the same concentration of conjugate. The conjugate is internalized by HT-29 cancer cells as proven by ICP-MS analysis and fluorescence microscopy: the latter result suggesting that the conjugate has applications as a multimodal agent by acting as a fluorophore to obtain in vivo biodistribution data. Furthermore, the conjugate has an excellent relative singlet oxygen quantum yield, and the tetrapyrollic unit was found to be photostable under irradiation by either white light or red light.

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“…Porphyrins also offer good potential for biomedical and imaging applications as they are potent fluorophores, biologically compatible, and are known to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissue, which is a highly desirable feature for anticancer therapy [ 20 ]. One of the most important applications of porphyrins is photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer, where the combination of light and a photosensitizer generates active oxygen species close to the tumor to damage the diseased tissues [ 21 , 22 ]. Porphyrin-based molecules have also been used in in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [ 23 , 24 ] and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porphyrins as Chelating Agents for Molecular Imaging in Nuclear Medicine

2022

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Porphyrin ligands, showing a significant affinity for cancer cells, also have the ability to chelate metallic radioisotopes to form potential diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. They can be applied in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate metabolic changes in the human body for tumor diagnostics. The aim of this paper is to present a short overview of the main metallic radionuclides complexed by porphyrin ligands and used in these techniques. These chelation reactions are discussed in terms of the complexation conditions and kinetics and the complex stability.

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Porphyrins and related macrocycles: Combining photosensitization with radio- or optical-imaging for next generation theranostic agents

Cited by 36 publications

References 131 publications

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment - an update review

Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment - an update review

Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of a Second-Generation Multimodal Water-Soluble Porphyrin-RAPTA Conjugate for the Dual-Therapy of Cancers

Porphyrins as Chelating Agents for Molecular Imaging in Nuclear Medicine

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