Porphyrins and the Porphyrias

Kaneko, Jun

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-370491-7.00008-8

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As seen, porphyrins are active against parasitic forms, and a prodrug such as ALA can be used. Although it is not active on its own, ALA can be transformed into porphyrin (26,30,31). Furthermore, cationic porphyrins interacted better with parasitic cells since the parasite has a negative charge on its membrane surface, improving the electrostatic interaction of cationic compounds (40,41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first step in heme biosynthesis is the formation of ALA, which is caused by the condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA in a process catalyzed by the enzyme ALA synthase (ALAS) (26)(27)(28). The latter is a mitochondrial enzyme that undergoes negative feedback from heme as it can induce or inhibit the enzyme once present, interrupting the production of ALA (28,29).…”

Section: Ala-pdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although ALA is not a photosensitizer, it is the first precursor in the biosynthesis of the heme group and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles like porphyrins (26,30,31). It became the target of PDT studies after it was discovered to be converted into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in heme synthesis, accumulating in some cells and acting as a photosensitizer (30,32).…”

Section: Ala-pdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis

Vital-Fujii

Baptista

2021

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Leishmaniasis is a serious and endemic infectious disease that has been reported in more than 90 countries and territories. The classical treatment presents a series of problems ranging from difficulty in administration, development of resistance, and a series of side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has already shown great potential for use as a treatment for leishmaniasis that is effective and non-invasive, with very minor side effects. PDT can also be inexpensive and easy to administer. In this review, we will report the most recent developments in the field, starting with the chemical diversity of photosensitizers, highlighting important mechanistic aspects, and noting information that may assist in designing and developing new and promising photosensitizer molecules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ala-pdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ala-pdtmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis

Vital-Fujii

Baptista

2021

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…Porphyrins are widely and naturally found in mammals, and the main nucleus of these molecules is a cyclic tetrapyrrole able to coordinate with metal ions [50]. The heme group is a protoporphyrin associated with Fe 2+ (Figure 2A), which forms the prosthetic group of the hemoglobin protein and is the substrate for the enzymatic activity of HO [50]. Metalloporphyrins are the first generation of HO inhibitors [33].…”

Section: First Generation Of Ho Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Modulation by Inhibitors of the HO System

Fernández-Fierro

Funes

Ríos

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The heme oxygenase (HO) system involves three isoforms of this enzyme, HO-1, HO-2, and HO-3. The three of them display the same catalytic activity, oxidating the heme group to produce biliverdin, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). HO-1 is the isoform most widely studied in proinflammatory diseases because treatments that overexpress this enzyme promote the generation of anti-inflammatory products. However, neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) derived from HO overexpression led to the development of inhibitors, such as those based on metaloproto- and meso-porphyrins inhibitors with competitive activity. Further, non-competitive inhibitors have also been identified, such as synthetic and natural imidazole-dioxolane-based, small synthetic molecules, inhibitors of the enzyme regulation pathway, and genetic engineering using iRNA or CRISPR cas9. Despite most of the applications of the HO inhibitors being related to metabolic diseases, the beneficial effects of these molecules in immune-mediated diseases have also emerged. Different medical implications, including cancer, Alzheimer´s disease, and infections, are discussed in this article and as to how the selective inhibition of HO isoforms may contribute to the treatment of these ailments.

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The Porphyrias—Disorders of Defective Heme Synthesis

Bohn¹

2022

Schalm's Veterinary Hematology

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Porphyrins and the Porphyrias

Cited by 3 publications

References 69 publications

Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis

Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis

Immune Modulation by Inhibitors of the HO System

The Porphyrias—Disorders of Defective Heme Synthesis

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