“…This factor is assumed to result in learned helplessness, cognitive fatigue, and a consequent loss of information processing capacity or even overarousal (Glass & Singer, 1972;Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). The effects of these impairments on verbal and behavioral reactions (Fiedler & Fiedler, 1975), the amplitude and latency of performance (Dimitrijevic, Michalewski, Zeng, Pratt, & Starr, 2008), spatial performance and learning (Gheraat et al, 2009), behavioral and pathological changes in diving mammals (Jepson et al, 2003;Malakoff, 2001;Talpalery & Grossman, 2005), psychomotor and learning tasks (Broadbent, 1979;Schmidt, 1999), and sports referees' decisions (Balmer, Nevill, Lane, Ward, Williams, & Fairclaugh, 2007;Nevill, Balmer, & Williams, 2002) are highly variable. In contrast, exposure to an appropriate amount of noise improves signal detection in stochastic resonance (Zeng, Fu, Morse, 2000), human hearing (Maes & de Groot, 2002), and the ability to encode temporal information (Maes & de Groot, 2002;Waye, 2003).…”