Position-Based Interaction for Indoor Ambient Intelligence Environments

A flexible routing scheme for patients with topographical disorientation

“…The Dijkstra algorithm, a time-honored graph-theoretic method [ 30 ] has been widely applied for routing packets in communication networks, and is still widely used by core routers, implemented in the 'Open Shortest Path First' (OSPF) routing algorithm [ 20 , 21 ]. It is also commonly applied for routing human subjects [ 17 ], mobile elements (i.e. robots) and virtual or simulated subjects in labyrinths and maps [ 27 , 31 , 28 ].…”

“…As a first step towards such a system, Chau et al [ 16 ] reported a desktop augmented reality system for patients with acquired brain injury where pictures of navigation decision points inside a building were superimposed on the real environment to encourage the retraining of wayfinding skills. In terms of an embedded implementation, Blache et al [ 17 ] recently proposed a full-fledged ambient intelligence navigation solution using a relational database to maintain information about the building structure and mobile entities within, a Dijkstra routing engine for navigation, WLAN for user localization and a PDA as the user interface.…”

SBEO: Smart Building Evacuation Ontology

“…Indoor Navigation Ontology (INO) [58] covers concepts of navigation in indoor spaces and the geometry of buildings including multiple floors, elevators, points of interest 9 , corridors, exits, etc. The ontology for indoor routing based on American Disability Act (ADA) standards [15] deals with the geometry of a building in such a way that its connections can be represented as horizontal and vertical paths for routing purposes.…”

“…Furthermore, SBEO has been published online and made available for public after being developed using state-of-theart methodologies found in the literature. 9 A point of interest is defined as any object or physical space that might be of importance or useful for the occupants of the building. For example, an (emergency) exit, location (or space) where a person is located subject to specific criteria, fire safety devices such as fire extinguisher, firehouse, fire door.…”

“…It has been growing fast as a multi-disciplinary field with a high impact on society for the last three decades [44]. It can be used to combine hazard detection and disaster management [5], crowd management [33], and route recommendation [9] in smart spaces [65] to obtain realtime information and aid decision making in dynamically changing emergency evacuation scenarios in large smart buildings with multitudes of occupants.…”