Positional Information in Chick Limb Morphogenesis

Summerbell, Dennis; Lewis, Julian; Wolpert, Lewis

doi:10.1038/244492a0

Cited by 667 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A factor(s) contributed by the AEC provides an environment within which an autonomous timing mechanism specifies the positional identities of the zeugopodium and autopodium. There is evidence that RA specifies the stylopodium of the chick limb bud, whereas a timing mechanism, similar to the progress zone model developed by Summerbell, Lewis, and Wolpert (1973), specifies the zeugopodium and autopodium (Rosello‐Diez & Torres, 2011; Saiz‐Lopez et al., 2015). Such a mechanism would explain why the stylopodium is able to regenerate after grafting a mature hand to the mid‐stylopodium of axolot limbs, whereas more distal structures fail to be intercalated (Bryant & Iten, 1977; Pescitelli & Stocum, 1981), and why the stylopodium is not regenerated when undifferentiated blastemas derived from the distal stylopodium are grafted to the dorsal fin (Stocum, 1968a) or when supernumerary limbs are evoked from the stylopodium in the Lheureux model (Makanae, Mitogawa, & Satoh, 2014b).…”

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 91%

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

109

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This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self‐organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?

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Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 91%

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

109

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“…This region has been called the Progress Zone (Summerbell et al, 1973). The apical ridge permits limb bud elongation and the determination of parts in a proximodistal sequence (Saunders, 1948).…”

Section: Role For Fgf-2 During Limb Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of FGF‐2 suggests it has a role in chick limb bud growth

Savage

Hart

Riley

et al. 1993

Developmental Dynamics

143

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We developed and characterized antibodies specific for FGF-2 and used them to locate FGFQ during chick embryo development. A series of micrographs demonstrated the progression of FGF-2 staining during development of the different tissues and organs. FGF-2 was present in the ectoderm covering the entire embryo, muscle cells, nervous system, neural crest cells, and mesonephros. FGF-2 was also present in the limb from initiation of budding through differentiation. The limb ectoderm and subjacent mesoderm showed the strongest immunostaining, with lower levels in the center of the bud. However, the distribution of FGF-2 positive cells in the mesoderm was not homogeneous. This heterogeneity was not due to cell cycle specific distribution of FGF-2 protein, as flow cytometric analysis showed that FGF-2-positive cells were distributed throughout the cell cycle. However, the amount of anti-FGF-2 fluorescence varied most during G1, consistent with the possibility that FGF-2 is low after M phase and increases during G1. A bioassay was used to demonstrate FGF-2 levels in the wing ectoderm were approximately 2.7-fold greater than in the mesoderm. We propose that the location of FGF-2 in the embryo is consistent with a role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions; in the limb bud it may prevent differentiation and permit limb outgrowth and subsequent expression of patterning events.

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“…limb buds Beddington and Martin, 1989). During this stage, Id transcription becomes more localized to the distal portion of the limb bud corresponding to the rapidly dividing cells of the "progress zone" (Summerbell et al, 1973).…”

Section: Id and The Bhlh Myogenic Factors Are Not Coexpressedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Id expression during mouse development: A role in morphogenesis

Wang

Benezra

Sassoon

1992

Developmental Dynamics

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We have characterized the spatial and temporal pattern of Id transcription during mouse embryogenesis. The Id gene encodes a helix-loophelix (HLH) protein which can heterodimerize with the ubiquitously expressed HLH protein products of the E2A gene, and prevent them from binding DNA either alone or as a heterodimer with tissue specific HLH transcription factors such as the muscle determination gene, MyoDl (Benezra et al., 1990 Cell 61:49-59). SinceId has been shown to be down-regulated during induced differentiation in several cell lines, it has been postulated that Id plays a general inhibitory role in cell differentiation (Benezra et al., 1990). In situ analysis of Id mRNA expression in the mouse embryo was performed in order to determine whether the pattern of Id expression is consistent with this postulate. A detailed study throughout the entirety of mouse postimplantation development reveals that Id is expressed upon gastrulation at very high levels in almost all regions of the mouse embryo and expression declines as embryogenesis proceeds. In skeletal muscle, in which the inhibitory action of Id has been established in tissue culture models (Benezra et al., 19901, Id and the HLH myogenic factors are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner suggesting that myogenic precursors do not express both types of HLH gene products. In addition, Id colocalizes both spatially and temporally with Hox-7.1, a murine homeobox gene which is associated with regions of high cell proliferation and positional fate assignment. 0 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Positional Information in Chick Limb Morphogenesis

Cited by 667 publications

References 15 publications

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Distribution of FGF‐2 suggests it has a role in chick limb bud growth

Id expression during mouse development: A role in morphogenesis

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