Possibilities of protection of the horse-chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. against the horse chestnut leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic

Abstract

Możliwości ochrony kasztanowca zwyczajnegoAesculus hippocastanumL. przed szrotówkiem kasztanowcowiaczkiemCameraria ohridellaDeschka et Dimic

Effect of the outbreak of horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić) on tree-ring width in common horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)

“…HCLM infestation of horsechestnut trees -present in most of European countries for several hundred years, planted in parks, gardens, and avenues as ornamentals -has been widely discussed in the mass media. The rapid spread of HCLM is facilitated by the modern lifestyle and technological progress: frequent travels, a lack or limited border control, and heavy road tra c (Łabanowski and Soika 1998;Gilbert et al 2004;Baraniak et al 2005;Kosibowicz 2005;Głowacka et al 2009;Snieškienė 2011).…”

“…open borders and a lack of detailed control of vehicles and goods. The trees growing along major transportation routes are colonized rst and next the pest is dispersed by people, animals, wind, and vehicles onto other trees (Głowacka et al 2009). Container ports in West Europe are currently also a threat, as goods are transported from them in virtually all directions, and trees in those cities are infested by HCLM (Gilbert et al 2005).…”

The effectiveness of the neem product TreeAzin^(R) in controlling Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae)

“…While there are a number of control options for C. ohridella, chemical control measures for the control of this pest are commonly used in urban forest environments (Blümel & Hausdorf, 1996;Zúbrik et al, 2006). Foliar sprays of synthetic and highly toxic insect growth regulators, such as difl ubenzuron, trifl umuron and fenoxycarb are the most popular insecticides; however only difl ubenzuron consistently results in a high level of control (Blümel & Hausdorf, 1996;Gilbert et al, 2003;Głowacka, 2005a;Głowacka et al, 2009). Mechanical control methods such as removing dead leaves, in which pupae overwinter and burning or composting them, remains the most environmentally friendly method used in urban parks and several small cities.…”

“…Trees were assigned to either the low dose (3 ml/cm DBH) or high dose group (5 ml/cm DBH) of TreeAzin ® or to the untreated control group. These particular dose rates were chosen based on their effi cacy in previous defoliator trials (Bioforest Technologies, 2004, 2005a. Untreated (blank) trees between treated and control trees were not involved in experiments and served as a barrier between the experimental trees.…”

Biological Activity of Wild Isolates of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Horse- Chestnut Leaf Miner (Cameraria ohridella)

“…Pest control and prevention consists primarily of removing and disposing of fallen leaves [5][6][7], but also microinjection of a special gel (endotherapy), large sticky traps placed on tree trunks, pheromone traps, soil injections, and suspending nesting boxes for insectivorous birds. However, most of the abovementioned methods are expensive or harmful to humans, beneficial insects (chemicals), and trees (microinjection causes problems in healing the wound, resulting in the possibility of penetration by other pathogens) [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”