Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System

Abstract

Technological advances of mankind, through the development of electrical and communication technologies, have resulted in the exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). Technological growth is expected to continue; as such, the amount of EMF exposure will continue to increase steadily. In particular, the use-time of smart phones, that have become a necessity for modern people, is steadily increasing. Social concerns and interest in the impact on the cranial nervous system are increased when considering the area where the mobile phone is used. However, before discussing possible effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the human body, several factors must be investigated about the influence of EMFs at the level of research using in vitro or animal models. Scientific studies on the mechanism of biological effects are also required. It has been found that RF-EMF can induce changes in central nervous system nerve cells, including neuronal cell apoptosis, changes in the function of the nerve myelin and ion channels; furthermore, RF-EMF act as a stress source in living creatures. The possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure have not yet been proven, and there are insufficient data on biological hazards to provide a clear answer to possible health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to study the biological response to RF-EMF in consideration of the comprehensive exposure with regard to the use of various devices by individuals. In this review, we summarize the possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure.

Detrimental Effect of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Field on Permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier

“…It has been found that EMF can induce changes in nerve cells, the function of the nerve myelin, and ion channels; additionally, EMF can act as a stress source (33). There is a construction between EMF and neurodegenerative diseases such as headaches, seizures, nausea, and chronic pain (34).…”

Design and Implementation of the MIMO–COOK Scheme Using an Image Sensor for Long-Range Communication

“…To detect preamble positions, the received signal is multiplied with the known preamble signal via the convolution algorithm as Equation (1). The preamble positions in each image are the peak of the resulting signal as Figure 3.…”

“…Various research groups worldwide have been investigating ways of improving upon the fifth-generation (5G) of digital cellular networks in the frequency band of millimeter waves that increase the data rate (1-10 Gbps). However, it is important to consider that RFs have potentially harmful effects on human health [1]. Therefore, researchers worldwide have attempted to find new technologies to replace RF technologies currently in use.…”

Apoptotic Effect of 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on NIH/3T3 Cells

“…Some epidemiological studies have demonstrated that EMR may cause brain tumors [2,3], breast cancer [4], adrenal gland and heart tumors [5], etc. In addition, EMR may have adverse effects on the central nerve system [6] and the reproductive system [7,8] and give rise to stress and anxiety in behavior [9]. However, some other reports have given negative results, e.g., radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) could not give rise to cell apoptosis [10], global system communication (GSM) exposure did not significantly increase the apoptosis rate of neurons [11], mobile phone radiation did not induce pro-apoptosis effects in spermatozoa [12], 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) did not affect survival rates in female mice [13], and RF exposure did not affect the depression-like behavior, spatial memory, and brain histology in adolescent male mice [14].…”