Post-Antibiotic Effect of Ampicillin and Levofloxacin to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Based on Microscopic Imaging Analysis

Abstract

Post-antibiotic effect (PAE) is the continued suppression of bacterial growth following a limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent. The presence of PAE needs consequential consideration in designing antibiotic dosage regimens. To understand the behavior of bacteria, PAE provides information on how long antibiotics are applied to the bacteria. Conventional methods of measuring PAE depend on population detection and have limitations for understanding the individual behavior of bacteria. To observe the PAE, we utilized an imaging technique with the use of microscopy. Here, we discuss the microscopic image analysis system we used to study the PAE at a single-colony level. The size and number of colonies of bacteria were measured prior to and following antibiotic removal. We could count a single colony, see the development of the settlement prior to and following exposure of antibiotics and track the colony by microscopy according to the incubation time and the image processed by our own image processing program. The PAE of antibiotics was quantified by comparing bacteria size and number based on their exposure time. In our study, we discovered that the longer exposure of antibiotics causes the bacteria to be suppressed—even after washing the antibiotics from the solution. This finding suggests that microscopic imaging detection provides a new method for understanding PAE. In addition, the behavior of the cell in response to drugs and chemicals and their removal can be examined with the use of single colony analysis.

Carbohydrate supplementation retains intestinal barrier and ameliorates bacterial translocation in an antibiotic-induced mouse model

“…, persistence of the antimicrobial effect after brief exposure to an antimicrobial agent. 36 Thus, it was tentatively concluded that PAE aggravated BT after losing the interference of DKGM and KOGM.…”

“…This is possibly because most of the antibiotics, including the antibiotics used in this study, possessed a postantibiotic effect (PAE), i.e., persistence of the antimicrobial effect after brief exposure to an antimicrobial agent. 36 Thus, it was tentatively concluded that PAE aggravated BT after losing the interference of DKGM and KOGM. As depicted in Table 2, except in the KK group, the translocated bacteria numbers in other groups were not significantly different than those in the AN group, and the numbers for the…”

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Ultra-Short Cationic β-Peptides

“…Aliquots from each tube were pooled out at hourly time intervals and plated on nutrient agar plates to estimate CFU per mL. The PAE was calculated using the equation PAE = T – C , where T is the time required for the antibiotic-exposed culture to increase by 1 log 10 CFU per mL, and C is the corresponding time taken by the untreated control . Three independent experiments were done to obtain the average data.…”

Antibiotics and ECMO in the Adult Population—Persistent Challenges and Practical Guides

“…Although MAC may guide antibiotic dosing, post-antibiotics effects are relatively short lived. In linezolid and ampicillin, the inhibition lasted between 1-3 h, depending on the type of bacteria treated [53,54]. For quinolones, the said effect may persist for up to 6 h [54].…”

“…In linezolid and ampicillin, the inhibition lasted between 1-3 h, depending on the type of bacteria treated [53,54]. For quinolones, the said effect may persist for up to 6 h [54]. Mechanisms are myriad and include inflicting sublethal damage, the persistence of antibiotics in periplasmic space, or efflux inhibition [55][56][57].…”