“…Typically, however, they assess the value of a recommendation system more directly in terms of business value. Relevant business measures in that context include sales or revenue, click-through rates (CTR), higher user engagement, or customer retention rates [26,27,33,73].Given the insights from the literature [5,20,27,46,47], it is undisputed that recommender systems can have positive business e ects in a variety of ways. However, how large these e ects actually are-compared to a situation without a recommender system or with a di erent algorithmis not always clear.…”