Post-traumatic brain injury olfactory dysfunction: factors influencing quality of life

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

“…Chemosensation plays a critical role for all organisms, from single-celled amoebas to higher-level organisms such as humans, to respond to their environments. In humans, while much attention is directed toward the impact of OD on feeding behaviors and QOL, [67][68][69] the critical importance of olfaction on personal safety-most notably the avoidance of injury from fires, ingestion of spoiled food, and inhalation of noxious chemicalscannot be disregarded. 69 Objective data directly linking smell loss to such potential harms are lacking.…”

Current status of traumatic brain injury research in Malaysia: A systematic review

“…It is quite well known globally that TBI is not just a static event but an ongoing evolving disease that often leads to functional and psychiatric impairments in the later years following injury (McKee & Daneshvar, 2015), despite initial recovery. Thus far, only a limited number of studies have investigated this post injury outcome progression, with 2-3 years being the furthest outcome followed up in TBI patients (Abdul Rahman et al, 2019;Abdul Rahman et al, 2018;Ahmedy et al, 2020;Kumaraswamy et al, 2002). Thus, with mental health problems slowly shedding its taboo coat in Malaysia, emphasis should be given in investigating long term (at least 10 years) cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits, as well as the later progression into brain diseases after TBI in future studies.…”

“…Treatment-care 12-30 years; 69M, 13F Severe Significant difference in proportions of good outcomes between the multimodality group, patients that underwent a single intracranial-based monitoring method and the group that received no monitoring (Isa et al, 2003) Cost 18-75 years; 57M, 5F Severe The application of M3 for severe TBI was more cost-effective than BNM (Ibrahim et al, 2007) Prognostic 17-69 years; 47M, 5F Severe The outcome at 6 months post treatment between the two modality groups was not statistically significant (Idris et al, 2007) Functional Cognitive disorders in mice with severe closed head injury could be detected using passive avoidance test on day 7 after injury (Khalin, Jamari, et al, 2016) Intervention 11-13 weeks; 60M FPI; unspecified DA levels consistently increased at all stages due to NBOT which also controls oxidative damage and over activation of glutamate (Muthuraju et al, 2014) Intervention 11-13 weeks; 38M FPI; unspecified FPI mice with IE showed less dead cells as compared to FPI mice without IE, with a complete restoration in locomotive activity (Muthuraju et al, 2012) Intervention 11-13 weeks; 54M FPI; unspecified TBI group showed severe morphological changes and neuronal damage as compared to the TBI group exposed to NBO for 3 h Intervention research aim category, and thus were pooled together under the category 'Others'. Interestingly, only five TBI studies had a follow up extending more than a year; 18 months (Leong et al, 2013) or around 2 years (Abdul Rahman et al, 2019;Abdul Rahman et al, 2018;Ahmedy et al, 2020;Kumaraswamy et al, 2002), which aimed at investigating the functional outcome in patients post TBI, and only one study that investigated the impact on caregivers of TBI patients, with a follow up for more than 5 years (Mazlan et al, 2016). Majority of the studies looked at acute (24-72 hours) or subacute (weeks) effects of TBI, especially those with research aimed at diagnosis after TBI.…”

Limbic Encephalitis Associated with COVID-19

“…Perhaps hyposmia or anosmia persisting after COVID-19 can be considered as a marker of limbic dysfunction and LE in general. In the long-term perspective, persisting anosmia can have an impact on the quality of patients' lives, also possibly accompanied with the development of depression [46,47], anxiety [48], problems with socialization [49,50], cognitive impairment [49,51,52] and anorexia with related complications [48].…”