Post‐traumatic reactions among rescue personnel 96 hours after the Hilton Hotel bombing in Sinai: The effect of previous exposure

Ben–Ezra, Menachem; Essar, Nir; Saar, Ronen

doi:10.1002/smi.1065

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In contrast, the cumulative effect of dissimilar traumatic event exposure will result in more posttraumatic stress symptoms (Dougall et al, 2000;McDermu et al, 2000). The findings of a recent study by Ben-Ezra, Essar, and Saar (2005) support the separation of similar from dissimilar traumatic event exposure. The researchers asked study participants to fill out a three-part questionnaire about The study compared rescue personnel with previous exposure to similar traumatic experiences and those experiencing their first exposure.…”

Section: Applying a Cumulative Stress Model To Predict Individual Difsupporting

confidence: 79%

Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Risk Factors for Post-Deployment PTSD and its Implications for Justice-Involved Veterans

Olusanya

2012

Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

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At present very little knowledge exists about individual differences in susceptibility to PTSD following combat trauma. Two differing perspectives have emerged. Some researchers maintain that a distinct linear dose-response relationship exists between the severity of combat trauma and the later development of PTSD. On the other hand, others have questioned whether differential exposure to combat alone is sufficient to explain differences in the prevalence of post-deployment PTSD. This debate has implications for military veteran offenders who suffer from PTSD. Drawing on the examples of Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans, I maintain that in order to fully understand the mechanisms underlying individual differences in susceptibility to post-deployment PTSD and the associated risk of post-discharge encounters with the criminal justice system, psychosocial factors (e.g. homelessness and unemployment) should be taken into account along with combat exposure factors (e.g. severity and type of combat). In essence, I argue that the risk for PTSD increases with the cumulative number of traumatic incidents. Therefore subsequent traumatic events that are dissimilar to the stressors related to combat will put veterans at risk for PTSD post deployment thereby exposing them to the associated risk of post-discharge encounters with the criminal justice system. Finally, I propose a cumulative stress model that posits that it is the particular combination of psychosocial factors and combat exposure that interact to predict the likelihood of developing and maintaining PTSD post deployment. Therefore PTSD influences post-deployment offending and antisocial behaviour through this mechanism. This paper will also discuss implications for criminal justice policy and practice.Peer reviewe

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Section: Applying a Cumulative Stress Model To Predict Individual Difsupporting

confidence: 79%

Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Risk Factors for Post-Deployment PTSD and its Implications for Justice-Involved Veterans

Olusanya

2012

Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

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“…[2][3] A substantial number of studies have checked for post-traumatic stress among rescue personnel. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Little or no studies have examined acute stress symptoms within the first day after exposure to a traumatic event. The effect of exposure to dead bodies on rescue personnel only has been addressed by few studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of exposure to dead bodies on rescue personnel only has been addressed by few studies. 1,[5][6][7] Based on the existing literature, it was predicted that among rescue per sonnel, the immediate acute stress symptoms would be higher among those who had had previous exposure to dead bodies. This hypothesis is based on studies that have considered exposure to dead bodies as an extremely stressful event for rescue personnel and resulted in a long-term psychological impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression Among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Crash: The Effects of Exposure to Dead Bodies

Ben–Ezra

Palgi

Essar

et al. 2008

Prehosp. Disaster med.

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Introduction:The immediate impact of exposure to severe wounds, dead bodies, and immediate threat to life has been understudied. Most studies focus on the acute stress disorder and/or post-traumatic stress disorder phases in order to assess rescue personnel's symptomatology, and tend to neglect the immediate exposure to elements of the disaster.Hypothesis:Rescue personnel who had a history of previous exposure to dead bodies would exhibit higher levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms within the 24 hours following a traumatic event.Methods:Twenty-three rescue personnel participated in the search and excavation of dead and mutilated bodies following the Bet-Yehoshua train crash in Israel.The rescue personnel group was divided based on previous exposure to dead bodies. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire, which included a question on perceived threat to life, the impact of event scale revised, the dissociative experience scale, and the center of epidemiologic studies depression questionnaire. Student's t-tests, along with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were conducted in order to learn which factors are related to psychiatric symptomatology following the immediate exposure to such stressors.Results:Among rescue personnel, those with previous exposure to dead bodies did not differ in their levels of acute stress symptoms, dissociation, and depressive symptoms from those who were not previously exposed to dead bodies.Conclusions:These results may suggest the possibility that the impact of exposure to dead bodies does not emerge in the acute stress reactions (ASR) phase (up to 24 hours after the event), but later when people have time to process the trauma. Another possibility is that the rescue coping mechanisms of detachment may serve as a buffer for the horrific sights encountered during the ASR period.

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“…The DES is used to assess retrospective reports of dissociation during a traumatic experience. The IES-R and DES were used in earlier studies that explored the immediate reactions to psychological trauma and were found sensitive, valid, and reliable (Ben-Ezra et al, 2005;Ben-Ezra, Essar, & Saar, 2006).…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a small number of studies have included a measure of the level of dissociation within the first days after traumatic events (Ben-Ezra, Essar, & Saar, 2005;Birmes et al, 2003). The empirical evidence for the relationship between dissociation and posttraumatic symptoms within the first days after exposure to traumatic events is scarce (Bryant, 2007;Bryant & Harvey, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Posttraumatic Symptoms and Dissociative Symptoms in Rescue Personnel 96 Hours after the Hilton Hotel Bombing in Sinai, Egypt

Essar¹,

Palgi

Saar

et al. 2008

Journal of Psychological Trauma

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The association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and dissociative symptoms was examined among the entire team of 26 rescue personnel, 96 hr after exposure to the Hilton Hotel bombing in Sinai, Egypt. The results showed that even after controlling for age and previous exposure, the correlations between both intrusive and avoidant symptoms with dissociation remained significant. This study is in line with earlier studies that have revealed a significant association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and dissociation. The study extends the time line of the relationship found. In addition, this field study extends the relationship between both intrusion and avoidance symptoms with dissociation beyond the medical setting.

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Post‐traumatic reactions among rescue personnel 96 hours after the Hilton Hotel bombing in Sinai: The effect of previous exposure

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Risk Factors for Post-Deployment PTSD and its Implications for Justice-Involved Veterans

Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Risk Factors for Post-Deployment PTSD and its Implications for Justice-Involved Veterans

Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression Among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Crash: The Effects of Exposure to Dead Bodies

Association Between Posttraumatic Symptoms and Dissociative Symptoms in Rescue Personnel 96 Hours after the Hilton Hotel Bombing in Sinai, Egypt

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