Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Facial Injuries: A Comparative Study

Prashanth, N T; Raghuveer, H P; Kumar, Rajesh; Shobha, E S; Rangan, Vinod; Hullale, Baswaraj

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1647

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Female gender was highly associated with anxiety and depression compared to male gender in patients below 50 years. However above 50 years gender was not a significant factor associated with either depression or anxiety [30]. This seems to concur with the findings where it was found that a larger percentage of females faced psychiatric morbidity compared to males.…”

Section: Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Risk Factors for Psychiatric Morbidity and Demographic Characteristics Among Patients with Facial Injury

Wafula¹,

Songole²,

Kinyanjui³

et al. 2020

JAD

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Background: A disfigured face resulting from a facial injury is a source of both objective and subjective stigma which predisposes one to psychiatric morbidity. The associations between socio-demographic/clinical characteristics and psychiatric morbidity among patients with facial injury at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) is unknown. Objective: To assess the associations between socio-demographic/clinical characteristics and psychiatric morbidity among patients with facial injury at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). Methods: The study was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional in which the mini international neuropsychiatric interview questionnaire was administered to diagnose the presence of psychiatric morbidity and a researcher-designed questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. The study was done at the surgical unit of MTRH where 90 consenting patients were interviewed from January to December 2017. Categorical data were summarized with frequency tables and percentages. Association between categorical variables was analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was used to measure the association between psychiatric morbidity and sociodemographic/clinical variables. Results: Ninety participants were evaluated, 77% were male. The mean age of the patients evaluated was 32±11 years. Seventy-one percent resided in rural areas. The commonest cause of facial injuries were road traffic accidents 51(57%), followed by interpersonal injuries 27(30%) and burns 11(12%). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among patients with facial injury at MTRH was 61.1%, of this 47.3% were diagnosed with more than one disorder. Twenty-five participants (28%) had alcohol use disorder: others included anxiety disorders 23(25.6%), depression 18(20%), other substance use disorder 13(14%), psychotic disorders 9(10%), attempted suicide 4(4%), and antisocial personality disorder 3(3%). The prevalence of alcohol use disorder among males was 35% compared to 5% among females (p=0.007). Compared to patients with facial burns patients with maxillary/ orbital fractures had 87.5% reduced odds of being diagnosed with psychiatric morbidity (AOR 0.125, P = 0.034 95%CI, 0.039, 0.859). Age, marital status, level of education, as well as cause and duration of injury were not statistically significantly associated with psychiatric morbidity. Conclusion: The study recommends that routine screening for psychiatric morbidity among patients with facial injury should be initiated and comprehensive care offered. Prevention strategies for alcohol and other substance use disorders should be initiated targeting particularly males.

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Section: Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, in contrast, Prashanth et al [30] did comparative studies on the severity of anxiety and depression among disfigured and non-disfigured facial injury patients. He found a significant difference between these two groups with disfigured having higher severity of the disorders.…”

Section: Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Psychiatric Morbidity and Demographic Characteristics Among Patients with Facial Injury

Wafula¹,

Songole²,

Kinyanjui³

et al. 2020

JAD

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“…Among these, the most common risk factor identified in the data set was female gender, with eight different studies reporting a positive correlation between female gender and a positive diagnosis of PTSD (5, 32, 37, 42, 53, 73, 75). Prashanth et al (37, 38), for example, reported that the mean score for IES was significantly higher in female patients with facial disfiguring injuries compared to male patients at all intervals. In a study specifically exploring gender differences in risk factors for PTSD among tsunami survivors, Pyari et al (53) concluded that women were 6.35 times more likely to have PTSD than men.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While nearly one fourth (24%) of the selected studies focused primarily on children and adolescents, there were significantly fewer studies (7%) whose primary focus were women—an equally vulnerable group. Countless studies exist—including those included in this review—that attest to the fact that women are at a significantly higher risk of PTSD, compared to men or the general population (32, 38, 42). A number of reasons suggest why women are at a higher risk of getting PTSD compared to men, including higher risk of exposure to specific types of traumatic events, average younger age at exposure, their social environment that generally provides fewer supportive resources, and stronger perceptions of threat and loss of control (86).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cross-Cultural Validity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in the Indian Context: A Systematic Search and Review

Gilmoor¹,

Adithy²,

Regeer³

2019

Front. Psychiatry

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Background: The cross-cultural validity of the construct of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a life-long debate in the field of trauma. Its validation in a setting such as India—a nation prone to considerably traumatic events such as conflict, natural disasters, and sexual violence against women—warrants exploration. Objective: To describe how PTSD and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are conceptualized in the Indian context by systematically examining the evidence of studies that investigate PTSD and PTSS in India. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct yielded a total of 56 studies that discussed one or multiple aspects of PTSD and PTSS in India. Data relating to types of events, populations, diagnostic tools, manifestations, and interventions were extracted and analyzed. Results: Eleven of 29 Indian states and 2/7 union territories were represented in the 56 included studies, with most studies (n = 21) originating from Tamil Nadu. Natural Disasters (n = 28), War/Conflict (n = 10), and Medical conditions (n = 7) were the top three most commonly investigated traumatic events. The majority of studies focused on entire communities (n = 16), while children and adolescents made up the second largest group (n = 14). Less attention was paid explicitly to male (n = 3) or female (n = 4) victims. Twenty-five different methods for screening for PTSD were identified, with the most common being the impact of events scale (n = 14). The majority of studies reported the screening and clinical diagnosis of PTSD by professional health care providers (n = 24). Abuse scored the highest average prevalence of PTSD at 52.3%, while the lowest was 16.4% due to man-made accidents. Overall, there was a lack of assessment on trauma-specific interventions, though psychosocial support was the most commonly mentioned intervention. Conclusions: Results indicate diversity in approaches for identifying, measuring, and treating PTSD and PTSS in the Indian population and how sociocultural norms influence its manifestation in this population. Future research calls for the development of culturally sensitive approaches to identifying and addressing PTSD and PTSS in India.

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“…For Europe, the one-year estimate is 1.1% [ 10 ]. Acute psychiatric symptoms [ 11 ] and female sex [ 11 , 12 ] have been suggested to raise the probability of PTSD in trauma cases with disfiguring facial injuries [ 12 ]. It should be noted, however, that these studies often exclude patients with certain pre-existing psychiatric diagnoses and substance abuse, patient groups potentially with increased need for additional care resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric disorders and interventions in patients sustaining facial fractures from interpersonal violence

Arpalahti,

Haapanen,

Auro

et al. 2023

Head Face Med

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Background This retrospective study clarified patients´ psychiatric morbidity in IPV-related facial fractures; in particular, their additional psychiatric care. We hypothesized that patients in need of additional support can be identified, allowing overall care processes to be improved. Methods Patients’ age, sex, anamnestic psychiatric disorders, history of substance abuse, and psychiatric interventions were recorded, as well as the perpetrator, location, time of day, assault mechanism, fracture type, treatment, and associated injuries. Results In all, 807 adult patients were included in the study. Of these, 205 patients (25.4%) had anamnestic psychiatric disorders that were associated independently with female sex (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.12, 3.41; p = 0.019) or history of substance abuse (OR 5.82, 95% CI 4.01, 8.46; p < 0.001). Patients with anamnestic psychiatric disorder were more likely to be subjected to severe violence, with an increased risk for combination fractures (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.30, 4.83; p = 0.006). Of all patients, 61 (7.6%) received a psychiatric intervention within the first 12 months. The most common reasons for intervention were anxiety/fear and psychotic symptoms, surfacing within one month in 57% of patients. Anamnestic psychiatric disorders (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.04, 3.82; p = 0.036), severe mental illnesses (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.04, 5.77; p = 0.040), and use of an offensive weapon (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.11, 4.02; p = 0.023) were the strongest independent predictors of psychiatric intervention. Conclusions Our results emphasize the need for more structured treatment protocols for patients sustaining IPV injury. Special attention is recommended for patients with anamnestic psychiatric disorders, severe mental illnesses, and those assaulted with an offensive weapon.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Facial Injuries: A Comparative Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Risk Factors for Psychiatric Morbidity and Demographic Characteristics Among Patients with Facial Injury

Risk Factors for Psychiatric Morbidity and Demographic Characteristics Among Patients with Facial Injury

The Cross-Cultural Validity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in the Indian Context: A Systematic Search and Review

Psychiatric disorders and interventions in patients sustaining facial fractures from interpersonal violence

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