Postbiotics as potential promising tools for SARS-CoV-2 disease adjuvant therapy

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic defines the global health tension of our time. There are several continuous efforts to find a definitive cure in this regard. According to some adverse effects and problems of customary SARS-CoV-2 disease therapies, bioactive compounds, for example probiotics-derived metabolites (postbiotics) have been accomplishing supreme importance by investigators for adjuvant cures in patients with SARS-CoV-2. Postbiotics inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and stimulate the immune system. They also boost the SARS-CoV-2 disease treatment effectiveness and reduce its adverse effects in SARS-CoV-2 illness patients as a result of antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, postbiotics having unique features such as high safety, high shelf life and stability to the gastrointestinal tract can be utilized as hopeful instruments for both adjuvant and inhibition strategies in SARS-CoV-2 patients with no earnest unfavourable adverse effects. The concept of postbiotics and their biocompatible characteristics are comprehensively discussed in the present review while highlighting the bilateral relationship between postbiotic biometabolites and respiratory tract infection with a special look at the potential biological role in the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and reduction of related inflammatory pathways.

Impact of Immuno-Nutrition on the Nutritional Status, Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcome of Clinic-Admitted Mild-Intensity-COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot, Perspective-Concluding Study

“…These data are available in both critical and non-critical patients [22,23]. In detail, whey-protein-rich formulas and pre-, pro-, and, lately, postbiotics have been used as add-on treatments for steroid, antibiotic, and antiviral therapy in COVID-19 subjects, with promising results [24,25].…”

Postbiotic production: harnessing the power of microbial metabolites for health applications

“…In order to change the immune system, the postbiotic substance primarily affects CD8+ T cells, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte phagocytic activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), proinflammatory cytokines, and elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines. The importance of microbial species, inactivation techniques, and an efficient postbiotic maintenance dose in delivery systems should be emphasized ( Khani et al, 2022 ). By creating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vitro utilizing L. reuteri 17,938, retinoic acid-driven mucosal-like dendritic cells have an impact on immunomodulation ( Aguilar-Toalá et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Through its outstanding anti-inflammatory efficacy, postbiotics might lessen the severity of illnesses. Postbiotics also block a variety of proinflammatory signaling pathways to lessen cytokine storms ( Khani et al, 2022 ). Clinical research on the anti-inflammatory properties of the B. longum CECT-7347 strain of postbiotics revealed that they were successful in reducing gastrointestinal disturbance and acute inflammatory response as well as by activating the immunological pathways linked to a specific immune response ( Thorakkattu et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Postbiotics have the ability to improve intestinal barrier performance and prevent the invasion of harmful microorganisms in the initial phase. Antimicrobial substances such as defensins, SCFAs, and bacteriocins also directly impede the development of pathogens ( Khani et al, 2022 ). The gut microbiome of an individual encompasses a diverse assemblage of bacteria comprising both beneficial and pathogenic strains and reflects familial inheritance.…”

Postbiotics: an innovative approach to increase shelf life and quality of foods

“…The en-FAEN þ en-PMLP controlled PV and acidity values, increased antioxidant activity and reduced microbial growth without any negative effects on sensory attributes, consequently leading to the increased shelf life of butter during 60 days of storage at 4°C. Khani et al (2023a) used metabolites derived from Lactobacillus strains as safe additives in the food industry. The postbiotics of L. plantarum showed an effective preservative to inhibit staphylococcus aureus in milk.…”