Postharvest fungicide treatments and cold storage control citrus black spot infections

Schreuder, Wouter; Plooy, Wilma du; Erasmus, Arno; Savage, Catherine; Basson, Elaine; Lennox, C.L.; Fourie, Pieter

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.06.020

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Standard postharvest treatments are aimed at maintaining fruit quality and reducing postharvest decay [ 28 , 29 ] and include dip treatments in sanitizers and fungicides, wax and fungicide coating applications, and cold storage. Our study confirmed previous reports of moderate to high levels of CBS control by these treatments [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 ]. The control of latent CBS infections ranged from 83.6% on oranges to 88.1% on lemons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Cold storage subsequent to packhouse treatments further improved the levels of control. Of the new lesions, an average of 10% on lemons and 15% on oranges formed pycnidia, indicating that P. citricarpa generally had a low reproductive capability in fruit lesions, which was, in most cases, further diminished by the combination of treatments followed by cold storage [ 27 ]. The latter was determined from the presence of pycnidia only, and it was not determined whether the pycnidia were capable of yielding pycnidiospores or whether the spores were alive or dead.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions

Moyo

Fourie

Masikane

et al. 2020

Plants

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Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, which is classified as a quarantine organism in certain countries whose concerns are that CBS-infected fruit may be a pathway for introduction of the pathogen. This study evaluated the reproductive capability and viability of P. citricarpa under simulated conditions in which the whole fruit, peel segments, or citrus pulp with CBS lesions were discarded. Naturally infected ‘Midknight’ Valencia orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit, either treated using standard postharvest sanitation, fungicide, and wax coating treatments or untreated, were placed into cold storage for 5 weeks (oranges at 4 °C and lemons at 7 °C). Thereafter, treated and untreated fruit were incubated for a further 2 weeks at conditions conducive for CBS symptom expression and formation of pycnidia. The ability of pycnidia to secrete viable pycnidiospores after whole fruit and peel segments or peel pieces from citrus pulp were exposed to sunlight at warm temperatures (±28 °C) and ±75% relative humidity levels was then investigated. The combination of postharvest treatments and cold storage effectively controlled CBS latent infections (>83.6% control) and pycnidium formation (<1.4% of lesions formed pycnidia), and the wax coating completely inhibited pycnidiospore release in fruit and peel segments. Pycnidiospores were secreted only from lesions on untreated fruit and peel segments and at low levels (4.3–8.6%) from peel pieces from pulped treated fruit. However, spore release rapidly declined when exposed to sunlight conditions (1.4% and 0% after 2 and 3 days, respectively). The generally poor reproductive ability and viability of CBS fruit lesions on harvested fruit, particularly when exposed to sunlight conditions, supports the conclusion that citrus fruit without leaves is not an epidemiologically significant pathway for the entry, establishment, and spread of P. citricarpa.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions

Moyo

Fourie

Masikane

et al. 2020

Plants

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“…Schreuder et al . () demonstrated that the combination of standard packhouse fungicide treatments aimed at green mould or sour rot control (including pre‐packhouse drench, packhouse dip and brush application of a wax coating) followed by cold storage (common shipping protocol for exported fresh fruit) consistently showed moderate to high levels of control of CBS in lemons and oranges. Several other studies also reported control of latent P. citricarpa infections through application of various chemical or biological postharvest treatments (Lucon et al ., ; Rappussi et al ., , ; Seberry et al ., ; Yan et al ., ).…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the movement of leaf litter from infected orchards through vehicle/ machine movement is also important (Dewdney et al, 2018;Silva-Junior et al, 2016a). Citrus fruit is not considered to be a realistic pathway for spread of P. citricarpa to new areas (USDA APHIS, 2010) for the following reasons: (i) the airborne ascospores cannot be produced on fruit, (ii) pycnidia are only produced in certain fruit lesion types (Brentu et al, 2012;FAO, 2014;Kotzé, 2000;Marques et al, 2012;OEPP/EPPO, 2009;Wager, 1952) and conidia are short-lived with low germination ability (Kiely, 1948b), (iii) conidium dispersal from fruit lesions is by means of short-distance (<1 m) wash-down dispersal (Kiely, 1948b;McOnie, 1965;Spósito et al, 2008Spósito et al, , 2011Whiteside, 1967), (iv) standard packhouse treatments and cold storage effectively control P. citricarpa infections (Korf et al, 2001;Lucon et al, 2010;Rappussi et al, 2009Rappussi et al, , 2011Schreuder et al, 2018;Seberry et al, 1967;Yan et al, 2016), and CBS lesions on fruit or discarded peel segments have a very low reproductive potential (Korf et al, 2001;Schreuder et al, 2018;Schutte et al, 2014), and (v) fallen leaves are not susceptible to infection (Truter et al, 2007). Inter-state movement of commercial packhouse-treated fruit from CBS present to CBS-absent areas is therefore permitted in the USA, in line with their Pest Risk Analysis conclusion that fruit is not a realistic pathway (USDA APHIS, 2011).…”

Section: I S E a S E M A N Ag E M E N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low temperatures reduce the postharvest development of symptoms on fruit (Agostini et al, 2006;Brodrick and Rabie, 1970) and standard packhouse treatments reduce the viability of the fungus in fruit lesions by three-to seven-fold (Korf et al, 2001). Schreuder et al (2018) demonstrated that the combination of standard packhouse fungicide treatments aimed at green mould or sour rot control (including pre-packhouse drench, packhouse dip and brush application of a wax coating) followed by cold storage (common shipping protocol for exported fresh fruit) consistently showed moderate to high levels of control of CBS in lemons and oranges. Several other studies also reported control of latent P. citricarpa infections through application of various chemical or biological postharvest treatments (Lucon et al, 2010;Rappussi et al, 2009Rappussi et al, , 2011Seberry et al, 1967;Yan et al, 2016).…”

Section: I S E a S E M A N Ag E M E N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Guarnaccia

Gehrmann

Silva

et al. 2019

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour. Taxonomy Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa. Host range Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae. Disease symptoms P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs. Useful websites DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.

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Postharvest fungicide dips to control fruit rot of ‘Monthong’ durian (Durio zibethinus)

Piasai

Chalmers²,

Piasai

et al. 2021

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Postharvest fungicide treatments and cold storage control citrus black spot infections

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions

The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions

Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus

Postharvest fungicide dips to control fruit rot of ‘Monthong’ durian (Durio zibethinus)

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