Postlarval chromatophores as an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation

Miner, Benjamin G.; Morgan, Steven G.; Hoffman, Jennifer R.

doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00201-x

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Larval distribution under different sea conditions should be further investigated. Recent studies have shown that the development of large chromatophores on larval structures provides an efficient protection against ultraviolet radiation in epineustonic invertebrate larvae (Miner et al 2000). In addition to their dark and thick larval shell, chromatophores are well developed in the foot of C. concholepas competent larvae (DiSalvo 1988), which might help protect competent larvae from harmful UV radiation.…”

Section: Day-night Variation-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding offshore transport of competent larvae during upwelling events: The case of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in Central Chile

Poulin

Palma

Leiva

et al. 2002

Limnology & Oceanography

123

113

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The coast of central Chile is characterized by the occurrence of coastal upwelling during the austral spring and summer seasons, which probably has important consequences for the cross‐shelf transport of larval stages of many species. Three cruises were conducted off the locality of El Quisco during upwelling‐favorable wind periods to determine the surface distribution of epineustonic competent larvae of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas during such events. Contrary to the predictions of a traditional model, where neustonic‐type larvae are transported offshore under such conditions, competent larvae of this species were exclusively found in the area between the shore and the upwelling front. Two additional cruises were conducted during calm periods to determine diel variation in the vertical distribution of C. concholepas competent larvae. The absence of competent larvae at the surface during early night hours suggests a reverse vertical migration. Thus, the retention of C. concholepas competent larvae in the upwelled waters could be the result of the interaction between their reverse diel vertical migration and the typical two‐layer upwelling dynamics.

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Section: Day-night Variation-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding offshore transport of competent larvae during upwelling events: The case of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in Central Chile

Poulin

Palma

Leiva

et al. 2002

Limnology & Oceanography

123

113

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“…Both the deep-dwelling nature of these copepods (mostly deeper than 100 m) and the darker color at night support this explanation. Yet there is also evidence that chromophore expansion does not necessarily enhance visual predation in other marine invertebrates (Morgan and Christy 1996), perhaps because chromophores also serve other functions, such as thermoregulation (Miner et al 2000). In any case, such diel changes in pigmentation are an important consideration in examining trade-offs between visual predation and UV damage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

Williamson

Fischer

Bollens

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

190

202

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The current prevailing theory of diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton is focused largely on two biotic drivers: food and predation. Yet recent evidence suggests that abiotic drivers such as damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature are also important. Here we integrate current knowledge on the effects of abiotic factors on DVM with the current biologically based paradigm to develop a more comprehensive framework for understanding DVM in zooplankton. We focus on ''normal'' (down during the day, up at night) DVM of holoplanktonic, primarily herbivorous zooplankton. This new transparency-regulator hypothesis differentiates between structural drivers, such as temperature and food, that vary little over a 24-h period and dynamic drivers, such as damaging UV radiation and visual predation, that show strong variation over a 24-h period. This hypothesis emphasizes the central role of water transparency in regulating these major drivers of DVM. In less transparent systems, temperature and food are often optimal in the surface waters, visual predators are abundant, and UV radiation levels are low. In contrast, in more transparent systems, vertical thermal gradients tend to be more gradual, food quality and quantity are higher in deeper waters, and visual predator abundance is often lower and damaging UV radiation higher in the surface waters. This transparency-regulator hypothesis provides a more versatile theoretical framework to explain variation in DVM across waters of differing transparency. This hypothesis also enables clearer predictions of how the wide range of ongoing transparency-altering local, regional, and global environmental changes can be expected to influence DVM patterns in both inland and oceanic waters of the world.Diel vertical migrations (DVM) of zooplankton in the world's lakes and oceans comprise some of the most widespread and massive migrations of animals on Earth. These striking migrations across strong vertical habitat gradients have inspired numerous ecological and evolutionary studies addressing mechanisms of habitat selection and consequences for species interactions. These migrations also have important implications for water quality and fisheries production as well as biogeochemical cycling. Natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, such as shifting local land use patterns and regional to global climate change, are altering water transparency and have the potential to affect DVM in lakes and oceans worldwide. The purpose of this article is to provide a common theoretical framework for understanding variation in the drivers of DVM across transparency gradients with a particular emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of the role of ultraviolet radiation (UV).Many environmental factors are recognized as providing both important proximate cues as well as ultimate consequences of adaptive significance for DVM, including light, temperature, food availability, and predation pressures (Table 1; Lampert 1989;Ringelberg 1993;Hays 2003). In spite of the wides...

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“…In order to evoke a fast response, relatively high intensity of PAR was needed, but intensities likely to occur under sea ice also caused a response (UV-experiment control). Pigment dispersal due to exposure to visible light (PAR) is a common phenomenon and has been shown to occur in various crustacean species, mostly decapods (Perkins 1928;Brown and Sandeen 1948;Pautsch 1953;Rao 1966;Barnwell 1968;Coohill et al 1970;Johnson 1974;Miner et al 2000;Auerswald et al 2008). Apherusa glacialis showed an increase in the CI following both higher light intensities and longer exposure times.…”

Section: Photoprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are limits to the color change that can be achieved, which will affect the ability of the animal to express an optimal phenotype in a given situation. Such fitness costs are the associated physiological costs, as pigment movement is energy demanding (Miner et al 2000;Boyle and McNamara 2008). The only indication regarding such costs in A. glacialis was that animals tended to aggregate the pigments in their chromatophores when showing obvious signs of decreased activity or shortly before death, probably due to physiological stress.…”

Section: Photoprotection Versus Crypsis-a Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crustacean chromatophores are generally regarded to serve one or more of the following functions: photoprotection, crypsis, or thermoregulation. In photoprotection, the chromatophores are used as shields protecting the animal or sensitive organs against harmful radiation (Miner et al 2000;Auerswald et al 2008), such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), that can damage biological macromolecules like DNA (Malloy et al 1997). Crypsis is a type of camouflage, where blending into the background reduces the risk of being detected by predators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The adaptive significance of chromatophores in the Arctic under-ice amphipod Apherusa glacialis

et al. 2010

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Solar radiation is a crucial factor governing biological processes in polar habitats. Containing harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR), it can pose a threat for organisms inhabiting surface waters of polar oceans. The present study investigated the physiological color change in the obligate sympagic amphipod Apherusa glacialis mediated by red-brown chromatophores, which cover the body and internal organs of the species. Short-term experimental exposure to photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) led to pigment dispersal in the chromatophores, resulting in darkening of the animal. Irradiation in the PAR range (400-700 nm) was identified as the main trigger with high light intensities evoking marked responses within 15 min. After exposure to high PAR, darkness led to a slow aggregation of pigments in the cell center after 24 h. Experiments revealed no statistically significant change in coloration of the animal when exposed to different background colors nor UV radiation. Our results point to a doseand time-dependent photoprotective role of chromatophores in the amphipod, presuming a shielding effect from harmful radiation in a dispersed state. The reversible nature of the physiological color change enables the species to adapt dynamically to prevailing light conditions and thereby minimize the cost of increased conspicuousness toward visually hunting predators.

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Postlarval chromatophores as an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation

Abstract: It is now well established that ultraviolet radiation

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

Avoiding offshore transport of competent larvae during upwelling events: The case of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in Central Chile

Avoiding offshore transport of competent larvae during upwelling events: The case of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in Central Chile

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

The adaptive significance of chromatophores in the Arctic under-ice amphipod Apherusa glacialis

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