Postseismic Coulomb stress changes on intra-continental dip-slip faults due to viscoelastic relaxation in the lower crust and lithospheric mantle: insights from 3D finite-element modelling

Bagge, Meike; Hampel, Andrea

doi:10.1007/s00531-017-1467-8

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…As stated in Section 3.2, we assume that, if present, any postseismic afterslip would be included in the value of slip measured at the surface, so the interseismic creep we have modeled includes also postseismic afterslip. In other words, this means that contrary to other works (e.g., Bagge et al, 2019;Bagge & Hampel, 2017;Verdecchia & Carena, 2015Verdecchia et al, 2018) we have not needed to separately model the stresses that occur due to postseismic viscoelastic relaxation after earthquakes. The transient postseismic viscoelastic stress changes are likely to be a second order effect, particularly in the few years following an earthquake, when postseismic afterslip is the dominant effect (e.g., Diao et al, 2014).…”

Section: Model Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, whether future earthquakes can be triggered by past events cannot be solely explained by studies of coseismic Coulomb stress changes (Mildon et al., 2019). The evolution of stress that brings a fault to rupture is mainly controlled by interseismic strain accumulation, while other transient stress changes can occur, such as postseismic effects due to viscoelastic relaxation (e.g., Bagge et al., 2019; Bagge & Hampel, 2017; Freed & Lin, 2001; Verdecchia & Carena, 2015, 2016; Verdecchia et al., 2018), postseismic fluid pressure changes (e.g., Albano et al., 2017, 2019; Bosl & Nur, 2002; Cocco & Rice, 2002; Miao et al., 2021; Noir et al., 1997; Vidale & Shearer, 2006), and dynamic seismic waves (e.g., Belardinelli et al., 2003; Gonzalez‐Huizar & Velasco, 2011; Velasco et al., 2008), and have been suggested to modify the distribution and magnitude of stress changes. Therefore, the inclusion of coseismic, postseismic and interseismic loading, reproducing the effect of the tectonic rates at which faults slip, appears to be the key to understanding patterns of occurrence of earthquakes, and examples from historical earthquakes (e.g., Mildon et al., 2019; Sgambato, Faure Walker, Mildon, & Roberts, 2020; Verdecchia & Carena, 2015, 2016; Wedmore et al., 2017) and propagating triggered earthquake sequences (Pondard et al., 2007) are consistent with this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Fault System Geometry and Slip Rates on the Relative Role of Coseismic and Interseismic Stresses on Earthquake Triggering and Recurrence Variability

Sgambato,

Faure Walker,

Roberts

et al. 2023

JGR Solid Earth

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We model Coulomb stress transfer (CST) due to 30 strong earthquakes occurring on normal faults since 1509 CE in Calabria, Italy, including the influence of interseismic loading, and compare the results to existing studies of stress interaction from the Central and Southern Apennines, Italy. The three normal fault systems have different geometries and long‐term slip‐rates. We investigate the extent to which stress transfer can influence the occurrence of future earthquakes and what factors may govern the variability in earthquake recurrence in different fault systems. The Calabrian, Central Apennines, and Southern Apennines fault systems have 91%, 73%, and 70% of faults with mean positive cumulative CST in the time considered; this is due to fewer faults across strike, more across strike stress reductions, and greater along‐strike spacing in the three regions respectively. In regions with close along strike spacing or few faults across strike, such as Calabria and Southern Apennines, the stress loading history is mostly dominated by interseismic loading and most faults are positively stressed before an earthquake occur on them (96% of all faults that ruptured in Calabria; 94% of faults in Southern Apennines), and some of the strongest earthquakes occur on faults with the highest mean cumulative stress of all faults prior to the earthquake. In the Central Apennines, where across strike interactions are the predominant process, 79% of earthquakes occur on faults positively stressed. The results highlight that fault system geometry plays a central role in characterizing the stress evolution associated with earthquake recurrence.

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Section: Model Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Fault System Geometry and Slip Rates on the Relative Role of Coseismic and Interseismic Stresses on Earthquake Triggering and Recurrence Variability

Sgambato,

Faure Walker,

Roberts

et al. 2023

JGR Solid Earth

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“…To first gain an understanding of how local postseismic relaxation may have reloaded the Mochiyama Fault, we built a set of generalised stress-driven models that link coseismic slip to the postseismic reloading of the rupture area [e.g. Ellis and Stöckhert, 2004;Bagge and Hampel, 2017]. The models were designed to capture the maximum contribution of the three main postseismic deformation mechanisms -afterslip, localised viscous shear and distributed visco-elastic relaxation -to reloading a normal fault after an earthquake [e.g.…”

Section: Generalised Models Of Postseismic Reloadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Decrease in Fault Strength in the 2011--2016 Ibaraki-Fukushima Earthquake Sequence

Wimpenny¹,

Forrest²,

Copley³

2022

Preprint

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Two near-identical Mw 5.8 earthquakes in 2011 and 2016 ruptured the Mochiyama Fault in North Kanto, Japan. The unusually short repeat time between the Mochiyama earthquakes provides a rare opportunity estimate the evolution of stress on a fault through an earthquake cycle, as the stress drop in the first earthquake provides a reference from which we can infer variations through time in the stresses required to cause earthquake rupture. By combining observations of deformation from GPS, InSAR and seismology with numerical models of stress transfer due to coseismic deformation and postseismic relaxation, we demonstrate that the rupture area on the Mochiyama Fault could only have been re-loaded by 35--50\% of the 2011 earthquake stress drop over the period between the 2011 and 2016 earthquakes. We infer that the Mochiyama Fault became weaker in the intervening 6 years, with a 2--10 MPa drop in the shear stresses needed to break the fault in earthquakes. The mechanism(s) that led to this weakening are unclear, but were associated with extensive aftershock seismicity that released a cumulative moment similar to the 2011 mainshock. Temporal changes in fault strength may therefore play a role in modulating the timing of moderate-magnitude earthquakes.

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“…Other numerical methods for modeling viscoelastic deformations that are based on the finite element technique, through which the lateral heterogeneity can be considered, have been developed (e.g., Aagaard et al, ; Bagge & Hampel, ; Cohen, ; Hu et al, ; Tanaka et al, ; Timothy, ; Wahr & Wyss, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Method for Computing Postseismic Deformations in a Realistic Gravitational Viscoelastic Earth Model

Tang

Sun

2019

JGR Solid Earth

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After extensive development of the dislocation theories regarding static deformations that are due to earthquakes, coseismic deformations can be well explained by the present elastic dislocation theories. However, it is difficult to separate and interpret the contributions from interseismic and postseismic deformations, because various mechanisms are involved, including the coupling of the fault interface, aftershock activity, porous-elastic rebound, and viscoelastic relaxation. It is only possible to infer the dominant mechanism for an earthquake via multiobservation of postseismic deformations in regions that have a dense geodetic network. Accurately simulating a process in a realistic Earth model is a unique way to overcome this difficulty. Here, we present a new robust, accurate, and antioscillational method for modeling the postseismic deformations that are due to viscoelastic relaxation in a realistic gravitational spherical Earth model with linear viscoelastic rheological models. The viscoelastic dislocation Love numbers are evaluated by comparing the results of Sun and Okubo (1993, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03536), those of Tanaka et al. (2006 https://doi.), and our newly derived analytical results. The satisfactory consistency between our new results and previous ones demonstrates that our proposed method is highly accurate. This robust and accurate forward modeling approach is helpful for investigating and separating the major mechanism of the postseismic deformations and will greatly benefit the inverse investigation of the ground viscoelastic parameters from geodetic observations.

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Postseismic Coulomb stress changes on intra-continental dip-slip faults due to viscoelastic relaxation in the lower crust and lithospheric mantle: insights from 3D finite-element modelling

Abstract: We thank the topic editor J. Nüchter and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. We used the Generic Mapping Tools by Wessel and Smith (1998) for creating some of the figures.

Cited by 11 publications

References 62 publications

Influence of Fault System Geometry and Slip Rates on the Relative Role of Coseismic and Interseismic Stresses on Earthquake Triggering and Recurrence Variability

Influence of Fault System Geometry and Slip Rates on the Relative Role of Coseismic and Interseismic Stresses on Earthquake Triggering and Recurrence Variability

Time-Dependent Decrease in Fault Strength in the 2011--2016 Ibaraki-Fukushima Earthquake Sequence

New Method for Computing Postseismic Deformations in a Realistic Gravitational Viscoelastic Earth Model

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