Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use in Inner-City Adolescent Girls

Lipschitz, Deborah S.; Rasmusson, Ann M.; Anyan, Walter R.; Gueorguieva, Ralitza; Billingslea, Eileen; Cromwell, Polly F.; Southwick, Steven M.

doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000095123.68088.da

Cited by 61 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Two other studies included a measure of substance abuse in relation to PTSD but did not ask about specific substances (Dixon et al, 2005;Lipschitz et al, 2000). Regardless, almost all point to the fact that PTSD in adolescence is associated with increased rates of substance abuse (Deters et al, 2006;Jaycox et al, 2004;Kilpatrick et al, 2003;Lipschitz et al, 2000Lipschitz et al, , 2003Macdonald et al, 2010).…”

Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within this review, four studies examined only females (Brosky & Lally, 2004;Dixon et al, 2005;Lipschitz, Rasmusson, Anyan, & Cromwell, 2000;Lipschitz et al, 2003), one examined only males (Eksi et al, 2007). Twenty-two of the 32 articles reviewed have noted a relationship between PTSD and gender (see Nooner et al Elklit, 2002).…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within this review, five studies specifically examined the relationship between PTSD and substance abuse; substances specifically examined included nicotine, alcohol, or marijuana (See Table 1: Deters et al, 2006;Jaycox et al, 2004;Kilpatrick et al, 2003;Lipschitz et al, 2003). Two other studies included a measure of substance abuse in relation to PTSD but did not ask about specific substances (Dixon et al, 2005;Lipschitz et al, 2000).…”

Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

145

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Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than either adults or children, and that the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents is 3-57%. Age, gender, type of trauma, and repeated trauma are discussed as factors related to the increased rates of adolescent PTSD. PTSD in adolescence is also associated with suicide, substance abuse, poor social support, academic problems, and poor physical health. PTSD may disrupt biological maturational processes and contribute to the long-term emotion and behavior regulation problems that are often evident in adolescents with the disorder. Recommendations are presented for practice and research regarding the promotion of targeted prevention and intervention services to maximize adolescents' strengths and minimize vulnerabilities. Public policy implications are discussed.Keywords adolescent, trauma, posttraumatic stress, abuse, development, risk factors, suicidality, substance use Key Points of the Research Review Trauma in AdolescenceFour of five adolescents meet DSM criteria for exposure to a serious traumatic event. Of these, 3-57% meet diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Child maltreatment is a common type of trauma for those under 18. There were over 2 million reported cases in the United States in 2008, which likely represents a fraction of the actual incidents of abuse and neglect. PTSD in AdolescenceThe average rate of adolescent PTSD was nearly 14% among studies conducted in the last decade. Rates of PTSD in adolescence are related to type of trauma. Trauma that is associated with more shame and deviance is associated with higher rates of PTSD (e.g., for sexual abuse 57% have PTSD vs. 10% for natural disasters). Risk Factors for PSTDRates of traumatic exposure peak in adolescence compared to adulthood, which is associated with correspondingly higher rates of PTSD (adult PTSD 7% vs. adolescent PTSD 13%). Adolescent females are twice as likely to develop PTSD following a significant trauma than males. Repeated trauma, regardless of type, heightens the probability of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Adolescents with less social support are more likely to experience trauma and develop PTSD.Serious physical health problems increase risk of PTSD in adolescence. Correlates of PTSDAdolescents with PTSD are significantly more likely to have failed a grade or to have been suspended than those without PTSD. Over 80% of individuals with PTSD have a comorbid substance-use disorder, typically beginning in adolescence. Approximately 6% of adolescents with PTSD have made a suicide attempt versus less than 2% for adolescents with no history of trauma or PTSD. Brain imaging studies relate PTSD and trauma to differences in emotion regulation, dopamine, and norepinephrine activation.

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Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

145

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“…Smoking rates did not differ between groups with PTSD, depression, or both. Lipschitz et al (2003) examined smoking and traumatic event-related symptoms among 104 inner-city adolescent girls. Among traumatic event-exposed girls, significantly greater proportions of those with, compared to without, PTSD smoked (86% and 31%, respectively).…”

Section: Covariation Between Severity Of Posttraumatic Response and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

233

184

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The current review critically examines the extant empirical literature focused on the associations among cigarette smoking, trauma, and posttraumatic stress. Inspection of the extant literature suggests smoking rates are significantly higher among persons exposed to a traumatic event relative to those without such exposure. Moreover, smoking rates appear particularly high among persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In terms of the direction of this relation, evidence most clearly suggests posttraumatic stress is involved in the development of smoking. Significantly less is known about the role of trauma and PTSD in terms of cessation outcome. Limitations of extant work, clinical implications, and key directions for future study are delineated. Keywordssmoking; posttraumatic stress; comorbidity; trauma; PTSD Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the leading preventable causes of death and disease in the U.S., resulting in healthcare costs that rank among the highest in the country [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 2004]. Large-scale efforts targeting smoking cessation have helped address this problem (USDHHS, 2000), but the negative impact of smoking is still widely evident. For example, more than 1 in 5 (22%) adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004] and almost 1 in 4 (24%) youth (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2004) in the U.S. currently smoke. Moreover, though smokers often are motivated to quit, the majority (approximately 90-95% of self-quitters and 60-80% of those in treatment programs) relapse (Cohen et al., 1989). Scholars have suggested smokers who fail at quitting may have unique attributes that increase their probability of smoking (Hughes, 1993;Pomerleau, 1997). Although various characteristics may increase the risk of relapse (e.g., heavier smoking levels), psychological disorders and related vulnerability factors have increasingly been recognized as playing a prominent role in quit success (Hughes, 1993;Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, in press).Smokers with anxiety disorders represent a common, albeit understudied, segment of the smoking population who are at heightened risk for relapse . For example, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Matthew T. Feldner, Intervention Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychology, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, 479-575-4256 (phone), 479-575-3219 (facsimile). Electronic mail may be sent to mfeldne@uark.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the jo...

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“…There is evidence that PTSD, or PTSD symptoms, following childhood traumatic experiences may be related to later substance-use disorders, especially among girls and women (Duncan et al, 1996;Epstein et al, 1998;Jelley, 2003;Lipschitz et al, 2003;Ullman et al, 2005) but also among men (Deykin and Buka, 1997;Grice et al, 1995;Jelley, 2003;Weinstein, 1998). Only retrospective information on childhood experiences and on PTSD symptoms preceding the onset of substance-use disorders was available to these researchers, however.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Alcohol-Use Initiation in Children

Bird²,

Liu³

et al. 2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: This study examined initiation of alcohol use among adolescents, in relation to their earlier traumatic experiences and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Data were from a longitudinal study of children of Puerto Rican background living in New York City's South Bronx and in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The subsample (n = 1,119; 51.7% male) of those who were 10-13 years old and alcohol naive at baseline was used in the analyses. Results: Alcohol-use initiation within 2 years after baseline was significantly more common among children reporting both trauma exposure and 5 or more of a maximum of 17 PTSD symptoms at baseline (adjusted odds ratio = 1.84, p < .05) than among those without trauma exposure, even when potentially shared correlates were controlled for. Children with trauma exposure but with fewer than five PTSD symptoms, however, did not differ significantly from those without trauma exposure, with regard to later alcohol use. Conclusions: PTSD symptoms in children 10-13 years old may be associated with early onset of alcohol use. It is important to identify and treat PTSD-related symptoms in pre-adolescent children. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 326-334, 2010)

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use in Inner-City Adolescent Girls

Cited by 61 publications

References 20 publications

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Alcohol-Use Initiation in Children

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