Posttraumatic stress following spinal cord injury: a systematic review of risk and vulnerability factors

Pollock, Kirrily; Dorstyn, Diana; Butt, Lester; Prentice, Shaun

doi:10.1038/sc.2017.45

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The relationships between the demographic and injuryrelated variables and the five psychological outcomes were examined. Consistent with the existing studies [8,32,36], factors including age, age at injury, gender, and marital status were all shown to be related to psychological morbidities. The findings showed that older people, males, single or divorced individuals, and patients in the early stage of injury were most susceptible to the psychological disorders.…”

Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 84%

Psychological morbidities and positive psychological outcomes in people with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China

Xie

Zhao

2018

Spinal Cord

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Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 84%

Psychological morbidities and positive psychological outcomes in people with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China

Xie

Zhao

2018

Spinal Cord

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“…Spinal injury patients often have psychological problems such as low total self-concept, acute stress disorder/PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and/or suicidal thoughts and behavior (Jurisić and Marusic, 2009 ; Kennedy and Garmon-Jones, 2017 ). According to a review by Pollock et al ( 2017 ), patients having negative thoughts and emotions related to their injury have lower levels of acceptance of their injury, poorer adjustment to being disabled, and report more severe PTSD symptoms (Pollock et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study

et al. 2018

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Introduction: Paralysis from a spinal cord injury (SCI) increases risk of psychological problems including suicide attempts, substance use disorder, negative emotions (e.g., anger), depression, anxiety, ASD/PTSD. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy® (DBT®) has been shown to be effective for treating similar psychological symptoms in non-SCI patient populations. The current study explored for the first time, the feasibility and clinical potential of using Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) enhanced DBT® Mindfulness skills training to help reduce psychological symptoms (negative emotions and anxiety, ASD/PTSD) of two patients with SCI. Patient 1 was a 39-year-old male patient suffering multiple spinal cord injuries, resulting in quadriplegia, after falling out of a four story building. Patient 1 had severe depression, and anxiety symptoms. Patient 2, was a 31 year old male with a C7 vertebral body fracture, leading to paresis, after suffering a blunt force trauma injury during an attempted suicide, jumping from a moving vehicle. Patient 2 had mild depression, and anxiety symptoms.Methods: Each patient looked into VR goggles, and had the illusion of slowly “floating down” a river in virtual reality while listening to DBT® Mindfulness Skills training instructions. Each patient filled out brief psychological ratings before and after each VR session, four VR DBT® sessions for patient 1, and two VR DBT® sessions for patient 2.Results: As predicted, patient 1 reported reductions in negative emotions after each VR DBT® Mindfulness session. Patient 2 had mixed results on some of the measures of negative emotions. And both patients reported feeling less depressed, less anxious, and less emotionally upset, after VR DBT® Mindfulness Skills learning. Patient 2 reported large reductions in short term ASD/PTSD symptoms after his first VR DBT® mindfulness skills training session.Conclusion: This study explored the feasibility of using VR DBT® with quadriplegic or paresis SCI patients. Both SCI patients accepted VR, the patients liked using VR, and, with assistance from the therapist, the patients were able to use the VR equipment, despite being paralyzed. Additional research and development will be needed to determine whether VR DBT® Mindfulness Skills training leads to any long term improvements in outcome.

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“…Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that impairs sensory, autonomic, and/or motor function. As such, SCI may also lead to long-term psychological sequels such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], anxiety, and distress [2,4,8]. Studies suggest that traumatic events may lead to the co-existence of PTSD and chronic pain [9][10][11] yet only a few studies documented this co-existence among individuals with SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased psychological distress among individuals with spinal cord injury is associated with central neuropathic pain rather than the injury characteristics

et al. 2017

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Irrespective of CNP intensity, the affective dimension (suffering) is associated with increased psychological distress. Perhaps individual differences in the response to SCI and/or individual traits rather than the mere exposure to SCI may have a role in the emergence of CNP and psychological distress/mood dysfunction. Rehabilitation programs should prioritize stress management and prevention among individuals with SCI and CNP.

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Posttraumatic stress following spinal cord injury: a systematic review of risk and vulnerability factors

Cited by 24 publications

References 83 publications

Psychological morbidities and positive psychological outcomes in people with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China

Psychological morbidities and positive psychological outcomes in people with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China

The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study

Increased psychological distress among individuals with spinal cord injury is associated with central neuropathic pain rather than the injury characteristics

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