Posture and muscular behaviour in emergency braking: An experimental approach

Behr, Michel; Poumarat, G.; Serre, Thierry; Arnoux, Pierre‐Jean; Thollon, Lionel; Brunet, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.010

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The change of a driver's posture can have a great influence on the driver's lower extremity position and muscle activation status, and can also affect injuries [3,4,14]. During a collision, the lower extremity position is different based on braking strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When facing a front-coming collision, a driver assumes a protective pre-crash posture, such as bracing and muscle tensing [1,2], or even performs evasive steering maneuvers [3]. These will result in different musculoskeletal characteristics and great influence on the kinematic responses and injuries during and following a collision [4]. Bose analyzed injuries in different postures and discovered that the most severe injuries occurred in out-of-position (OOP) conditions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Choi, et al investigated the muscle activation level when drivers were facing unavoidable collisions, and the data were used for human model engineering [10]. Behr, et al analyzed EMGs to explore drivers' braking postures when facing unexpected emergencies [4]. Combining these two fraction methods of reaction times and measuring vehicle parameters and EMGs of drivers' lower extremities are necessary to study biomechanics in accidental injuries, and for the design of occupant protection systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drivers' braking reaction times in existing studies were divided into three parts, which included brake reaction times (time between the onset of the brake lights of the target car and the release of the accelerator pedal of the host car), movement times (time between the release of the accelerator pedal and the depression of the brake pedal), and total brake times (the sum of the former two) [4,6]. These data were acquired from the vehicle parameters such as accelerator apertures and braking pedal forces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimal study of young male drivers’ responses to vehicle collision using EMG of lower extremity

Gao

et al. 2015

BME

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Abstract. A driver's response to a front-coming vehicle collision consists of braking reaction time and braking behavior. The purpose was to investigate drivers' responses at different speeds, relative distances, and particularly the behavior on the accelerator at the collision moment. Twelve young men participated in driving simulator tests. Vehicle parameters and electromyograms (EMGs) of the drivers' tibialis anterior muscles were recorded and responses were analyzed. The drivers' braking reaction time windows were divided into pre-motor time, muscle activation time, accelerator release time, and movement time. By comparing the reaction times and collision times, braking behaviors were investigated. It was found that movement times (r = -0.281) decreased with speed. Pre-motor times (r = 0.326) and muscle activation times (r = 0.281) increased with relative distance. At the collision moment, the probability of the driver's lower extremity being on the accelerator, in the air, and on the brake pedal was 7.4%, 18.9%, and 73.7%, respectively. With higher speeds and smaller distances, the lower extremity was more likely to be in the air or even on the accelerator in different muscle activation states. The driver will collide in normal driving postures which muscles are not or not fully activated in very urgent situation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Experimal study of young male drivers’ responses to vehicle collision using EMG of lower extremity

Gao

et al. 2015

BME

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In rehabilitation, exercise physiology and biomechanics research many studies focus on the torque that can be maximally exerted by the ankle joint muscles during a plantar-flexion (PF) effort. This interest is mainly due to the functional importance of these distal leg muscles for locomotion [walking (Bendall et al 1989;McGibbon and Krebs 1999), running and lateral displacement], maintaining balance, avoiding falls (Mackey and Robinovitch 2006;Skelton et al 2002) and driving a car (Behr et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced precision of ankle torque measure with an open-unit dynamometer mounted with a 3D force-torque sensor

et al. 2015

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Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

et al. 2011

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Continued development of computational models and biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) necessitates further analysis of the effects of bracing on an occupant's biomechanical response in automobile collisions. A total of 20 dynamic sled tests were performed, 10 low (2.5 g, Δv = 4.8 kph) and 10 medium severity (5.0 g, Δv = 9.7 kph), with five male human volunteers of approximately 50th percentile male height and weight. Each volunteer was exposed to two impulses at each severity, one relaxed and one braced prior to the impulse. A Vicon motion analysis system, 12 MX-T20 2 megapixel cameras, was used to quantify subject 3D kinematics (±1 mm) (1 kHz). Excursions of select anatomical regions were normalized to their respective initial positions and compared by test condition. At the low severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the knees, hips, elbows, shoulders, and head (average 35-70%). At the medium severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the elbows, shoulders, and head (average 36-69%). Although not significant, bracing at the medium severity considerably reduced the forward excursion of the knees and hips (average 18-26%). This study illustrates that bracing has a significant influence on the biomechanical response of human occupants in frontal sled tests and provides novel biomechanical data that can be used to refine and validate computational models and ATDs used to assess injury risk in automotive collisions.

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Posture and muscular behaviour in emergency braking: An experimental approach

Cited by 45 publications

References 11 publications

Experimal study of young male drivers’ responses to vehicle collision using EMG of lower extremity

Experimal study of young male drivers’ responses to vehicle collision using EMG of lower extremity

Enhanced precision of ankle torque measure with an open-unit dynamometer mounted with a 3D force-torque sensor

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

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