Potable water production from seawater by the reverse osmosis technique in Libya

Reverse osmosis concentrate treatment by a PAC countercurrent four-stage adsorption/MF hybrid process

“…After that, the supernatant was fed to reactor B in six times (the number of the feeding will be discussed later). In reactor B the supernatant from reactor A was Nomenclature C 0 initial concentration of adsorbate in ROC (mg/L) C ej equilibrium concentration of adsorbate after stage j adsorption (j = 1-4) (mg/L) C Aj concentration of adsorbate in mixed liquor before stage j adsorption (j = 1, 2) (mg/L) C B concentration of adsorbate in mixed liquor before stage three adsorption (mg/L) F A dilution factor of reactor A F B dilution factor of reactor B i the number of sub-cycle in a cycle for reactor B (1 ≤ i ≤ n) n the total number of sub-cycles in a cycle (n ≥ 1) V effective volume of reactor B X 1 PAC dose for procedure A(S1) in start-up phase (g) X 2 PAC dose for procedure B(S) in start-up phase (g) X 3 PAC dose for procedure B(i, 4) (g) X 4 PAC dose for procedure A(S2) in start-up phase (g) mixed with PAC by aeration. After each feeding, stage three and four adsorption occurred sequentially, then the liquid and the PAC were separated by an MF membrane.…”

“…The reverse osmosis (RO) technology can provide high quality permeate and already has many applications in potable water [1][2][3] and wastewater treatment [4,5]. But besides producing high quality permeate, the technology will generate a certain volume of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), depending on the recovery rate.…”

Novel design and operational control of integrated ultrafiltration — Reverse osmosis system with RO concentrate backwash

“…1). In addition to added maintenance and cleaning requirements [9,[21][22][23], intermediate UF filtrate tanks and the associated pumps present a system design challenge when space is limited or portability is important. More importantly, operational flexibility of UF backwashing using UF filtrate may be constrained by the UF filtrate tank capacity, coupled with the need to maintain continuous RO feed flow.…”

Optimum design of reverse osmosis systems for hydrogen peroxide ultrapurification

“…Among all the topics regulated, SEMI Document C30-1110 standardizes requirements for hydrogen peroxide used in the semiconductor industry. [21][22][23][24] The complete optimization of a reverse osmosis network has to include the optimal design of both individual modules and the network configuration. Although typically commercialized grades of hydrogen peroxide have been treated by traditional purification techniques (L-L extraction, adsorption, membrane technologies, distillation, etc.)…”

“…20 The typical installation consists of a network of modules designed to fulfill technical, economic, and environmental requirements. [21][22][23][24] The complete optimization of a reverse osmosis network has to include the optimal design of both individual modules and the network configuration. The performance of individual reverse osmosis modules in terms of particular module geometry and design and operational conditions has been widely analyzed, [25][26][27][28][29][30] so suitable transport equations to describe the behavior of membrane modules are available to be applied to module optimization.…”