Potassium channels as promising new targets for pharmacologic treatment of tinnitus: Can Internet-based ‘crowd sensing’ initiated by patients speed up the transition from bench to bedside?

S3 Guideline: Chronic Tinnitus

“…For some preparations, there are indications of possible efficacy in individual randomised clinical trials, but there are no replicated positive results from randomised clinical trials with sufficient evidence or positive results from meta-analyses for a single preparation. Accordingly, neither the European Medicines Agency (EMA) nor the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved any preparation for the treatment of tinnitus [ 224 ]. The tinnitus guideline from Great Britain, which was updated in 2020, also made a recommendation against drug treatments, especially the drug betahistine [ 225 ].…”

The potassium channels: Neurobiology and pharmacology of tinnitus

“…They comprise the M‐current, which is a low‐threshold depolarization‐activated potassium current that acts as a potent brake on neurons that are receiving persistent excitatory input, playing a crucial role as regulators of intrinsic electrical properties in excitable cells (Delmas & Brown, 2005; Greene & Hoshi, 2017; Robbins, 2001; Schroeder et al., 2000; Wang, Pan, et al., 1998). While Kv7.1 is mainly expressed in the heart and inner ear, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 channels are widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems (Greene & Hoshi, 2017; Kim & Rutherford, 2016; Langguth et al., 2016; Robbins, 2001).…”

“…Although the Kv7 family is widely distributed in the central auditory system except for Kv7.1 (Langguth et al., 2016), Kv7.1 is also associated with tinnitus. Kv7.1 is expressed in the cochlea (Knipper et al., 2006).…”

Analysis of Behavioral Economics in Crowdsensing: A Loss Aversion Cooperation Model

“…The platform checks whether the task has reached the settlement stage (1) for ∈ do (2) Platform settles the task and issue a response command (3) for every node ∈ userlist = { | = } do (4) if it doesn't response in time do (5) punish the node (6) else do (7) finish this assignment (8) end if (7) end for (8) Platform process the data and feed back (9) end for Algorithm 3: The settlement.…”

“…Each node is a natural person holding smart devices such as smart phones or computers. Crowdsensing systems usually require support from a large amount of sensed data [2][3][4][5], while it would cost smart devices a certain amount of price to participate in crowdsensing (such as spatial movements and consumption of memory and power). Nodes do not perceive selflessly, as they need a certain amount of compensation to be motivated; on the other hand, the requester of the sensing tasks would measure the reward of publishing the value of data.…”