Potassium Supplements' Effect on Potassium Balance in Athletes During Prolonged Hypokinetic and Ambulatory Conditions

Zorbas, Yan G.; Kakurin, Vassily J.; Afonin, Victor B.; Charapakhin, Kirill P.; Denogradov, Sergei D.

doi:10.1385/bter:78:1-3:93

Cited by 9 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It is consistent with prior studies [11][12][13][14] where during the preexperimental period, K + homeostasis, plasma K + level, and urine and fecal K + loss were relatively stable regardless of the amount of K + consumed. This shows that in the pre-experimental period, the K + consumed during supplementation has been used up for deposition and was taken by the body which protected the net muscle K + content, plasma K + level, and urine and fecal K + loss without showing any gross differences in the experimental and control groups of subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Inability of healthy subjects to deposit potassium during hypokinesia and potassium supplementation

Zorbas¹,

Kakuris²,

Federenko³

et al. 2009

CIM

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Objective: To determine the effect of potassium (K + ) supplementation and hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement) on muscle K + content and K + loss. Methods: Studies were conducted on 40 healthy male volunteers during a pre-experimental period of 30 days and an experimental-period of 364 days. Volunteers were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented control subjects (UCS), unsupplemented experimental subjects (UES), supplemented control subjects (SCS), and supplemented experimental subjects (SES). A daily supplement of 1.17 mmol potassium-chloride (KCl) per kg body weight was given to the subjects in the SCS and SES groups. Results: Muscle K + content decreased (P<0.05), and plasma K + concentration, and K + loss in urine and feces increased (P<0.05) in the SES and UES groups compared with their pre-experimental levels and the values in their respective control groups (SCS and UCS). Muscle K + content decreased more (P<0.05), and plasma K + concentration and K + loss in urine and feces increased more (P<0.05) in the SES group than in the UES group. Conclusion: Muscle K + content is not decreased by the K + deficient diet and K + loss is not increased by the higher muscle K + content in the body. Rather it is caused by the inability of the body to use K + during HK and K + supplementation. List of Abbreviations Hypokinesia (diminished movement)Hypokinesia (HK) Unsupplemented control subjects (UCS) Unsupplemented experimental subjects (UES) Supplemented control subjects (SCS) Supplemented experimental subjects (SES) Potassium (K + ) Sodium (Na + ) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Muscular activity is an important factor in the normal regulation of electrolyte homeostasis. The mechanisms by which muscular activity affects electrolyte homeostasis are not known but, in its absence, such as during hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement) the result is prevalence of catabolism 1 , cell mass reduction 2,3 , hypovolemia 2-5 and decreased electrolyte deposition. [2][3][4][5] Any condition which diminishes muscular activity will affect energy production, cell mass 2,3 , blood volume 2-5 and electrolyte deposition. [2][3][4][5] During HK, the plasma electrolyte level and electrolyte loss increases 6-9 and tissue electrolyte content decreases. [2][3][4][5] ORIGINAL RESEARCH

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Inability of healthy subjects to deposit potassium during hypokinesia and potassium supplementation

Zorbas¹,

Kakuris²,

Federenko³

et al. 2009

CIM

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“…During a normal muscular activity, K + depletion develops because of the decreased K + consumption, excessive K + losses through gastrointestinal tract and kidney, and a redistribution of K + within the body due to insulin intake, and magnesium depletion. However, K + depletion during prolonged HK is much more complicated, because K + depletion is present with and without K + supplementation, and K + depletion is accompanied by a significant increase of plasma K + level [5][6][7][8][9] and K + losses [5][6][7][8][9]. Using K + supplementation to normalize K + depletion during prolonged HK had shown that K + is neither entering nor being retained by muscles, where most K + is normally deposited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using K + supplementation to normalize K + depletion during prolonged HK had shown that K + is neither entering nor being retained by muscles, where most K + is normally deposited. This shows the presence of another mechanisms and primarily the presence of decreased K + deposition, that may lead to significant increase of K + losses with K + imbalance and consequently may contribute to the development of K + depletion in healthy subjects during prolonged HK [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continued search to establish the reasons for decreased K + deposition during prolonged HK, led to the conclusion that K + imbalance is not so much a matter of K + shortage in the diet as the decreased K + deposition; this was demonstrated by the fact that a daily K + supplementation failed to prevent K + imbalance during prolonged HK [5][6][7][8][9]. The main effect of decreased K + deposition during HK is that contributes to the significant K + losses with K + depletion [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main effect of decreased K + deposition during HK is that contributes to the significant K + losses with K + depletion [5][6][7][8][9]. Furthermore, it has been shown that during HK the physiological systems that regulate the level of each mineral in blood and other endogenous fluids and the balance between consumption and K + loss and thus total K + content in the body, are significantly affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of potassium absorption during hypokinesia in potassium supplemented and unsupplemented healthy subjects

Zorbas¹,

Deogenov²,

Denogratov³

et al. 2004

Int Urol Nephrol

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Measuring potassium (K+) absorption, and K+ levels in plasma, urine and feces during and after hypokinesia (HK) and K+ supplementation, the aim of this study was to determine if prolonged HK could depress K+ deposition significantly more with or without K+ supplementation. Studies were conducted during 30-days pre-HK, 364-days HK and 30-days post-HK. Forty male healthy volunteers 24.2+/-5.5 years of age were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided in four groups: unsupplemented active control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), supplemented active control subjects (SACS), and supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). Hypokinetic subjects were walking average distances of 0.5+/-0.2 km day(-1). Active control subjects were running average distances of 5.8+/-1.2 km day(-1). Both SHKS and SACS consumed daily 2.17 mEq elemental potassium per kg body weight. Potassium absorption, fecal and urinary K+ excretion, sodium (Na+) loss, plasma K+ and Na+ level and plasma aldosterone (PA) level did not change in SACS and UACS compared with their pre-HK values. During HK, K+ absorption decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with time, and fecal and urinary K+ loss, urinary Na+ loss, plasma K+ and Na+ levels and PA level increased significantly (P < 0.05) with time in SHKS and UHKS compared with their pre-HK values and their respective active controls (SACS and UACS). During initial 15-days of post-HK, K+ absorption increased significantly (P < 0.05), fecal and urinary K+ excretion, urinary Na+ excretion and plasma K+ and Na+ levels and PA level decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in hypokinetic compared with active control subjects; by the 30th day they approached the control levels. During HK and post-HK, K+ absorption, fecal and urinary K+ losses, urinary Na+ excretion, plasma K+ and Na+ levels and PA level, changed significantly (P < 0.05) more in SHKS than UHKS. Decreased K+ losses during post-HK showed K+ depletion during HK. Decreased K+ absorption with K+ depletion during HK showed decreased K+ deposition. The greater K+ changes in SHKS than UHKS, during HK and post-HK, demonstrated that K+ deposition decreased more with than without K+ supplementation. It was concluded that dissociation between K+ absorption and K+ depletion showed decreased K+ deposition as the main mechanism for K+ depletion during HK.

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Muscle Potassium and Potassium Losses During Hypokinesia in Healthy Subjects

Federenko¹,

Deogenov²,

Kakuris³

et al. 2010

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Hypokinesia (HK) induces electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient tissue, yet the mechanisms of electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient tissue remain unknown. Mechanisms of electrolyte deposition could be involved. To determine the effect of prolonged HK on potassium (K+) deposition were measured muscle K+ content and K+ losses. Studies were conducted on 20 physically healthy male volunteers during 30 days pre-experimental period and 364 days experimental period. Subjects were equally divided into two groups: control subjects (CS) and experimental subjects (ES). The CS group was run average distances of 9.8±1.7 km day(-1) and the ES group was walked average distances of 2.7±0.6 km day(-1). Muscle K+ content decreased (p<0.05) and plasma K+ concentration, and K+ losses in urine and feces increased (p<0.05) in the ES group compared to their pre-experimental level and the values in their respective CS group. Muscle K+ content, plasma K+ level, and urine and fecal K+ losses did not show any changes in the CS group compared to their pre-experimental values. The conclusion was that K+ losses in K+-deficient muscle of healthy subjects could have been attributable to the less efficient K+ deposition inherently to prolonged HK.

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Potassium Supplements' Effect on Potassium Balance in Athletes During Prolonged Hypokinetic and Ambulatory Conditions

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Inability of healthy subjects to deposit potassium during hypokinesia and potassium supplementation

Inability of healthy subjects to deposit potassium during hypokinesia and potassium supplementation

Measurement of potassium absorption during hypokinesia in potassium supplemented and unsupplemented healthy subjects

Muscle Potassium and Potassium Losses During Hypokinesia in Healthy Subjects

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