Objective: To determine the effect of potassium (K + ) supplementation and hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement) on muscle K + content and K + loss. Methods: Studies were conducted on 40 healthy male volunteers during a pre-experimental period of 30 days and an experimental-period of 364 days. Volunteers were equally divided into four groups: unsupplemented control subjects (UCS), unsupplemented experimental subjects (UES), supplemented control subjects (SCS), and supplemented experimental subjects (SES). A daily supplement of 1.17 mmol potassium-chloride (KCl) per kg body weight was given to the subjects in the SCS and SES groups. Results: Muscle K + content decreased (P<0.05), and plasma K + concentration, and K + loss in urine and feces increased (P<0.05) in the SES and UES groups compared with their pre-experimental levels and the values in their respective control groups (SCS and UCS). Muscle K + content decreased more (P<0.05), and plasma K + concentration and K + loss in urine and feces increased more (P<0.05) in the SES group than in the UES group. Conclusion: Muscle K + content is not decreased by the K + deficient diet and K + loss is not increased by the higher muscle K + content in the body. Rather it is caused by the inability of the body to use K + during HK and K + supplementation. List of Abbreviations Hypokinesia (diminished movement)Hypokinesia (HK) Unsupplemented control subjects (UCS) Unsupplemented experimental subjects (UES) Supplemented control subjects (SCS) Supplemented experimental subjects (SES) Potassium (K + ) Sodium (Na + ) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Muscular activity is an important factor in the normal regulation of electrolyte homeostasis. The mechanisms by which muscular activity affects electrolyte homeostasis are not known but, in its absence, such as during hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement) the result is prevalence of catabolism 1 , cell mass reduction 2,3 , hypovolemia 2-5 and decreased electrolyte deposition. [2][3][4][5] Any condition which diminishes muscular activity will affect energy production, cell mass 2,3 , blood volume 2-5 and electrolyte deposition. [2][3][4][5] During HK, the plasma electrolyte level and electrolyte loss increases 6-9 and tissue electrolyte content decreases. [2][3][4][5] ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Studies have shown that chronic periodic fluid shifting upwards is not sensed as excessive fluid volume and excretion mechanisms are not activated. To determine if chronic periodic fluid and volume shifting upwards can affect muscle calcium (Ca(2+)) during hypokinesia (HK) we measured muscle Ca(2+) content, plasma Ca(2+) concentration, and Ca(2+) losses in urine and feces. Studies were conducted on 40 healthy male volunteers. They were divided into four equal groups: active control subjects (ACS), hypokinetic subjects (HKS), periodic fluid redistribution control subjects (PFRCS), and periodic fluid redistribution hypokinetic subjects (PFRHS). Plasma Ca(2+) level decreased (p < 0.05) in Ca(2+) repleted muscle, muscle Ca(2+) level increased (p < 0.05), and Ca(2+) losses in urine and feces decreased (p < 0.05) in the PFRHS group compared with the HKS group. Plasma Ca(2+) level increased (p < 0.05) in Ca(2+) deficient muscle, muscle Ca(2+) level decreased (p < 0.05), and Ca(2+) losses in urine and feces increased (p < 0.05) in the HKS group compared with their pre-experimental levels and the values in their respective control groups (ACS and PFRCS). This study shows that the muscle Ca(2+) content increases and Ca(2+) excretion decreases, suggesting the clinical potential of chronic periodic fluid and volume redistribution in treatment of muscle Ca(2+) deficiency.
Hypokinesia (HK) induces electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient tissue, yet the mechanisms of electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient tissue remain unknown. Mechanisms of electrolyte deposition could be involved. To determine the effect of prolonged HK on potassium (K+) deposition were measured muscle K+ content and K+ losses. Studies were conducted on 20 physically healthy male volunteers during 30 days pre-experimental period and 364 days experimental period. Subjects were equally divided into two groups: control subjects (CS) and experimental subjects (ES). The CS group was run average distances of 9.8±1.7 km day(-1) and the ES group was walked average distances of 2.7±0.6 km day(-1). Muscle K+ content decreased (p<0.05) and plasma K+ concentration, and K+ losses in urine and feces increased (p<0.05) in the ES group compared to their pre-experimental level and the values in their respective CS group. Muscle K+ content, plasma K+ level, and urine and fecal K+ losses did not show any changes in the CS group compared to their pre-experimental values. The conclusion was that K+ losses in K+-deficient muscle of healthy subjects could have been attributable to the less efficient K+ deposition inherently to prolonged HK.
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