Potency trends of Δ<sup>9</sup>‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Niesink, Raymond; Rigter, Sander; Koeter, Maarten W. J.; Brunt, Tibor M.

doi:10.1111/add.13082

Cited by 93 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…Over the past 4 decades cannabis potency (its percentage of THC) has on average doubled worldwide 14 and CBD levels remaining low or absent in most cannabis preparations [15][16][17][18] .…”

Section: Cannabis Is Becoming More Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the US, a recent report found that the increased THC levels in cannabis over the last two decades was due to a shift towards high-potency (sinsemilla) as opposed to regularly (outdoor) grown cannabis 18 . Cannabis resin can be a more potent form of cannabis and has been found to reach potencies of over 60% THC (per weight) in the Netherlands 17 , while in the UK resin (aka. hash) has low potency with equal quantities of THC (4%) and CBD (4%) 15 .…”

Section: Cannabis Is Becoming More Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can we make cannabis safer?

Englund

Freeman

Murray

et al. 2017

The Lancet Psychiatry

139

120

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Section: Cannabis Is Becoming More Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cannabis Is Becoming More Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can we make cannabis safer?

Englund

Freeman

Murray

et al. 2017

The Lancet Psychiatry

139

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…This method is advantageous to other studies utilising cannabis samples from police seizures, which may be biased by law enforcement methods (Nguyen & Reuter, 2012), sampling bias and variation in sample degradation during storage (Sevigny, 2013). Secondly, in contrast to linear increases in cannabis potency reported elsewhere (ElSohly et al 2016), THC concentrations have both risen (Pijlman et al 2005) and then subsequently declined (Niesink et al 2015) in the Netherlands during the last 16 years, providing a unique opportunity to detect similar changes in cannabis-related problems (Freeman & Swift, 2016). Here we sought to test whether changes in cannabis potency (THC) are associated with rates of first-time cannabis admissions to specialist drug treatment in the Netherlands from 2000 to 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in cannabis potency and first-time admissions to drug treatment: a 16-year study in the Netherlands

et al. 2018

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Background. The number of people entering specialist drug treatment for cannabis problems has increased considerably in recent years. The reasons for this are unclear, but rising cannabis potency could be a contributing factor. Methods. Cannabis potency data were obtained from an ongoing monitoring programme in the Netherlands. We analysed concentrations of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from the most popular variety of domestic herbal cannabis sold in each retail outlet (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015). Mixed effects linear regression models examined time-dependent associations between THC and first-time cannabis admissions to specialist drug treatment. Candidate time lags were 0-10 years, based on normative European drug treatment data. After adjusting for age, sex and non-cannabis drug treatment admissions, these positive associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant at lags of 5-7 years and were again strongest at 5 years, b = 0.082 (0.052-0.111), p < 0.0001. Conclusions. In this 16-year observational study, we found positive time-dependent associations between changes in cannabis potency and first-time cannabis admissions to drug treatment. These associations are biologically plausible, but their strength after adjustment suggests that other factors are also important.

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“…Over time, percentages of CBD in cannabis show a negative tendency, which is especially visible in herbal cannabis (ElSohly et al, 2016;Mehmedic et al, 2010;Niesink, Rigter, Koeter, and Brunt, 2015;Potter, Clark, and Brown, 2008). In resin cannabis variable potencies were found depending on the origin of the derivate (Niesink et al, 2015;Pijlman, Rigter, Hoek, Goldschmidt, and Niesink, 2005;Tsumura et al, 2012).…”

Section: ) Reported Potencies Of Naturally Present Psychoactive Consmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constituyentes psicoactivos del cannabis y sus implicaciones clínicas: una revisión sistemática

et al. 2018

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Objective This systematic review aims to summarize current evidence on which naturally present cannabinoids contribute to cannabis psychoactivity, considering their reported concentrations and pharmacodynamics in humans.Design Following PRISMA guidelines, papers published before March 2016 in Medline, Scopus-Elsevier, Scopus, ISI-Web of Knowledge and COCHRANE, and fulfilling established a-priori selection criteria have been included. ResultsIn 40 original papers, three naturally present cannabinoids and one human metabolite (11-OH-THC) had clinical relevance.Of these, the metabolite produces the greatest psychoactive effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) is not psychoactive but plays a modulating role on cannabis psychoactive effects. The proportion of 9-THC in plant material is higher (up to 40%) than in other cannabinoids (up to 9%). Pharmacodynamic reports vary due to differences in methodological aspects (doses, administration route and volunteers' previous experience with cannabis). (CBD) no es psicoactivo, pero sí ejerce un efecto modulador sobre los efectos psicoactivos del cannabis. La concentración 9-THC en derivados cannábicos (hasta 40%) supera en gran medida la de otros cannabinoides (hasta 9%). La farmacodinamia descrita varía, dada la heterogeneidad en aspectos clave de la metodología (dosis, rutas de administración y experiencia previa con cannabis de los participantes). ConclusionsConclusiones Los resultados evidencian que el 9-THC es el cannabinoide que más contribuye al efecto psicoactivo del cannabis.Otros cannabinoides psicoactivos contribuirían mínimamente, dada su menor potencia psicoactiva y su baja concentración en los derivados cannábicos. La falta de estándares metodológicos dificulta el avance en los conocimientos sobre los efectos del cannabis en la salud. Establecer una unidad estándar de cannabis basada en 9-THC ayudaría a superar estas limitaciones.

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Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Abstract: The average tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005. The popular Nederwiet type still has a relatively high THC to cannabidiol ratio.

Cited by 93 publications

References 35 publications

Can we make cannabis safer?

Can we make cannabis safer?

Changes in cannabis potency and first-time admissions to drug treatment: a 16-year study in the Netherlands

Constituyentes psicoactivos del cannabis y sus implicaciones clínicas: una revisión sistemática

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Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Abstract: The average tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005. The popular Nederwiet type still has a relatively high THC to cannabidiol ratio.

Cited by 93 publications

References 35 publications

Can we make cannabis safer?

Can we make cannabis safer?

Changes in cannabis potency and first-time admissions to drug treatment: a 16-year study in the Netherlands

Constituyentes psicoactivos del cannabis y sus implicaciones clínicas: una revisión sistemática

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Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15