Potential Acute Renal Injury in Sheep with Bluetongue Serotype 4

Athanasiou, Labrini V.; Katsogiannou, Eleni G.; Spanou, Victoria M; Dedousi, Anna; Katsoulos, Panagiotis D.

doi:10.3390/pathogens10020159

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…1 In small ruminants, proteinuria has been associated with advanced glomerulonephritis, 2,3 naturally occurring reactive systemic amyloidosis, 4,5 as well as with acute kidney injury in sheep with ketoprofen induced nephrotoxicosis 6 or with Bluetongue serotype 4 infection. 7 Severe proteinuria has also been reported in young lambs with inherited mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, associated with complement C3 deficiency. 8,9 Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) is widely used in human and animal medicine and is considered a reference method for the quantitative assessment of proteinuria since spot UP/C correlates highly with 24-hour urine protein excretion, remains unaffected by variations in urine flow, and eliminates the need of 24-hour urine collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In clinically healthy sheep, UP/C values have been demonstrated with a range of 0.21‐1.35 4,14 while in another study a wider range of values 0.08‐3.6 has been reported 6 . Moreover, UP/C has been used for the estimation of proteinuria, presenting increased values compared to the reported data for healthy sheep, experimentally intoxicated with ketoprofen sheep 6 and in sheep affected by systemic AA amyloidosis 4,5 or Bluetongue serotype 4 7 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Normal urine contains only a limited quantity of protein since high molecular weight proteins cannot pass through glomerular capillary walls, while low molecular weight proteins that normally traverse glomeruli are mainly recovered by the tubules 1 . In small ruminants, proteinuria has been associated with advanced glomerulonephritis, 2,3 naturally occurring reactive systemic amyloidosis, 4,5 as well as with acute kidney injury in sheep with ketoprofen induced nephrotoxicosis 6 or with Bluetongue serotype 4 infection 7 . Severe proteinuria has also been reported in young lambs with inherited mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, associated with complement C3 deficiency 8,9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Moreover, UP/C has been used for the estimation of proteinuria, presenting increased values compared to the reported data for healthy sheep, experimentally intoxicated with ketoprofen sheep 6 and in sheep affected by systemic AA amyloidosis 4,5 or Bluetongue serotype 4. 7 In clinical settings, common screening methods for the detection of proteinuria include the conventional dipstick colorimetric method, the sulfosalicylic acid turbidimetric test (SSA), and Heller's reaction. 15,16 Heller's test is based on the denaturation of precipitated proteins in the presence of a strong acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep

Athanasiou

Katsoulos

Katsogiannou

et al. 2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background Urine dipstick and Heller's reaction are easy first‐line screening tests for the detection of proteinuria; however, the performance of these methods in alkaline ovine urine is largely unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Heller's reaction alone or in combination with dipstick for the detection of proteinuria in sheep, using the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) with two cut‐off values as the reference method. Methods Ninety‐eight urine samples were collected from sheep using the transient apnea method. Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, and the UP/C ratio were used to assess proteinuria. The results were statistically analyzed twice, based on two different UP/C cut‐off values of 0.2 and 0.5. Cohen's kappa value was used to determine the agreement between the UP/C ratios and Heller's reaction, the dipstick method, or the combination of methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. ROC curves were also generated, and the areas under the curve (AUC) were evaluated to determine the optimal threshold for the numerical values of the two methods. Results Heller's reaction is more specific (96.67% and 96.00% when the cut‐off value is 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than the dipstick method, while the dipstick method was more sensitive (91.18% and 91.30%, when the cut‐off value was 0.2 and 0.5, respectively) than Heller's reaction for the detection of proteinuria. Both tests were accurate when any grade >0 was considered positive. Conclusions Proteinuria can almost be excluded in ovine urine samples with negative Heller's reaction and dipstick test.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep

Athanasiou

Katsoulos

Katsogiannou

et al. 2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Analysis of urine pH and specific gravity in pasture sheep

Musara,

Ndjoze,

Matomola

et al. 2024

Comp Clin Pathol

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Urine pH and specific gravity represent the routine objectively verifiable parameters in urinalysis. Urinalysis is presently an underutilised analytical tool in ovine medicine but holds the same potential for predictive, diagnostic and prognostic use in sheep as it does in human and small animal medicine. Urine pH and specific gravity were measured as a health screening tool to ascertain normal physiological ranges in sheep on free-range summer pastures with free access to drinking water. Both sexes, different ages and various breeds including Dorper, Karakul, Damara and cross-breeds were recruited into the study to investigate possible sources of variation. Experimental animals were selected through stratified random sampling using farm records from a population of 69 rams, 135 ewes and 115 lambs. Samples of urine were collected from 60 rams, 60 ewes and 60 lambs by free catch following induction of micturition by transient apnoea. Urine pH was measured by a pH metre whilst urine specific gravity was evaluated with an optical refractometer. The urine pH ranged from 6.81 to 9.08, with a mean of 8.52 ± 0.02 (se). Only one animal had a urine pH value below the existing reference level (7.4–8.5). Concurrent abnormalities of the urine in dipstick analysis included proteinuria and glucosuria. Urine specific gravity varied from 1.003 to 1.050 with a mean of 1.021 ± 0.001 (se). Four sheep, all of them lambs, had urine-specific gravity values above the existing reference level (1.015 to 1.045). The high urine specific gravity was associated with diverse pathological findings including proteinuria, pyuria and glucosuria as well as the presence of urine sediment. Urine pH was influenced by gender and breed and specific gravity by age. The results affirmed that sheep naturally produce alkaline urine and aciduria points to an underlying pathological problem. An association between high urine specific gravity and systemic/urinary system disorders was evident in lambs. Isosthenuria and hyposthenuria were frequently encountered in healthy adult sheep and were considered indices of positive water balance rather than renal dysfunction. Collated data confirmed existing reference levels but revised the upper limit of normal urine pH to 9 instead of 8.5, and the lower limit of normal urine specific gravity to 1.003 instead of 1.015.

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Enzymuria-Early Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Animals

Sanap

Yeotikar

2023

ijvsbt

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Enzymuria is recently being used as valuable tool for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), and urinalysis in clinical cases. The origin of enzymes from different parts of the kidney has diagnostic importance. Enzymes of kidney origin, namely those from brush border of proximal tubuli were recognized for their clinical significance inanimals. Now a days, enzymes are more specifically used as tubular markers which determine the location and severity of kidney damage. These enzymes are glutathione S-transferase (GST), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), β-galactosidase (β-GAL), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase are used as early diagnostic markers of kidney injury. Normally, enzymes originates from serum (as glomerular filtrate), renal tubular cells, and the urogenital tract (epithelial cells, glandular secretion, and semen). The contribution of serum enzymes is negligible for most urinary enzymes because they are relatively larger (> 80 kDa), due to which those marker enzymes do not sieve through the glomerular membrane and appear in the urine. Urinary enzymes have also been used to determine the presence and location of renal tubular injury. Some bacterial or viral infections can damage kidney tubules, which result in the leakage of some enzymes from the tubular epithelium. Various nephrotoxic drugs used in clinical therapeutics, along with some contrast media may lead to acute kidney injury. Enzymes of kidney origin may be released due to damage to the brush border epithelium. Especially, NAG- a lysosomal enzyme in renal tubular epithelium released into urine in response to tubular damage. These enzymes could be increased or identified in urine of urinary tract infected animals.

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Potential Acute Renal Injury in Sheep with Bluetongue Serotype 4

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep

Evaluation of Heller's reaction and the urine dipstick method alone or in combination to detect proteinuria in sheep

Analysis of urine pH and specific gravity in pasture sheep

Enzymuria-Early Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Animals

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