Potential Antibacterial Flavonoid from Buah Merah (Pandanus conodieus Lam.) Against Pathogenic Oral Bacteria of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212

Abstract

Background: Dental caries is an oral disease generated by pathogenic bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, which is most frequently found in teeth with pulp necrosis. On the other hand, the use of the medicinal plant to treat pathogenic disease, including caries is an alternative option, which consumes synthetic drug having a side effect. Objective: The purpose of this study is to isolate antibacterial agents from Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam) and to test the antibacterial activity of those compounds against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Methods: Isolation of the antibacterial constituents from Buah Merah used a combinational column chromatography technique which include a normal and reversed-phase. The chosen fraction of each separation is based on the most active fraction. The compounds at various concentrations, 1000 - 20000 μg/mL, were assessed against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 by agar disc diffusion method, and chlorhexidine 2000 μg/mL was used as a positive control. Results: Four compounds isolated from Buah Merah were determined as flavonoid 1, diterpenoid 2, and two fatty acid derivatives 3 and 4. The compounds were then tested against E. faecalis cultured to find inhibition zones, and the study found that only compound 1 identified as Quercetin-3-O-glucose showed an inhibited zone 88 mm at 20000 ppm. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ethyl acetate fraction of Buah Merah contains an antibacterial flavonoid active against E. faecalis. This research gives information for the use of this plant in herbal medicine and contributes to the necessity of a new antibacterial agent for oral infectious disease. Moreover, this data can be based on information to find the substituted antiseptic applied in the dentistry field.

Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal mechanism action as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review

“…Flavonoids (bioflavonoids), flavus in Latin, yellow powder, low molecular weight, are secondary metabolites that are very useful as antimicrobials by making bacterial damage, contains diphenylpropane (C 6 -C 3 -C 6 ), and have a three-carbon bridge with phenyl groups, as the core structure of 2-phenylbenzopyra, less toxic and low cost ( Baum et al 2001 ; Galeotti et al 2008 ; Can et al 2015 ; Kurnia et al 2018 ; Khalid et al 2019 ; Herdiyati et al 2020 ). As an important polyphenol class, flavonoid divided by C-ring oxidation degree, with the three-carbon segment oxidation degree and unsaturation degree, and the major classes are flavonols (3-hydroxy with the different site at OH group of phenolic), flavanones (C-4-keto-group with double-blind of C-2 and C-3), flavanols or flavan-3-ols (C 3 -hydroxyl group and carbon ring that fully saturated), isoflavones (act like phytoestrogens), aurones, chalcones (two aromatic rings by three-unit carbons to make the group of α,β unsaturated carbonyl), and anthocyanidins ( Pourcel et al 2007 ; Corradini et al 2011 ; Seleem et al 2017 ).…”

Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal activity as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review

“…Flavonoids (bioflavonoids), flavus in Latin, yellow powder, low molecular weight, are secondary metabolites that are very useful as antimicrobials by making bacterial damage, contains diphenylpropane (C 6 -C 3 -C 6 ), and have a three-carbon bridge with phenyl groups, as the core structure of 2-phenylbenzopyra, less toxic and low cost (Baum et al 2001;Galeotti et al 2008;Can et al 2015;Kurnia et al 2018;Khalid et al 2019;Herdiyati et al 2020). As an important polyphenol class, flavonoid divided by C-ring oxidation degree, with the three-carbon segment oxidation degree and unsaturation degree, and the major classes are flavonols (3-hydroxy with the different site at OH group of phenolic), flavanones (C-4keto-group with double-blind of C-2 and C-3), flavanols or flavan-3-ols (C 3 -hydroxyl group and carbon ring that fully saturated), isoflavones (act like phytoestrogens), aurones, chalcones (two aromatic rings by three-unit carbons to make the group of α,β unsaturated carbonyl), and anthocyanidins (Pourcel et al 2007;Corradini et al 2011;Seleem et al 2017).…”

Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Biji Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lamk.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

“…Sebagai bahan obat, buah merah dimanfaatkan pada berbagai penyakit, yaitu HIV, malaria, kolesterol, diabetes melitus, asam urat, osteoporosis, hipertensi, dan stroke (Indrawati, 2016;Wismandanu et al, 2016). Hasil skrining fitokimia biji buah merah, terkandung beberapa senyawa aktif, yakni: α dan β karotenoid, asam lemak, tocopherol, α dan β crypthoxantin, tannin, katekin, glikosida antrakuinon, glikosida senyawa fenolik, glikosida asam lemak, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, triterpenoid, dan alkaloid (Septyaningsih, 2010;Marliyana et al, 2017;Sundari, 2010;Damayanti et al, 2020;Herdiyati et al, 2020;Achadiyani et al, 2016;Zita et al, 2015).…”

“…Hasil riset menunjukkan di antara senyawa-senyawa tersebut memiliki kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia (Indrawati, 2016), Enterococcus faecalis (Herdiyati et al, 2020), Streptococcus mutans (Damayanti et al, 2020), dan Fusobacterium nucleatum (Manik, 2020).…”

“…Pembentukan zona hambat mengindikasikan adanya efek penghambatan pertumbuhan ekstrak etanol buah merah terhadap bakteri uji. Kandungan fitokimia ekstrak etanol buah merah terdiri atas: fenol, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, alkaloid, dan tannin (Damayanti et al, 2020;Herdiyati et al, 2020). Ragam senyawa-senyawa tersebut secara in vitro dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri melalui mekanisme aksi yang berbeda-beda (Sabbineni, 2016;Mulyanita et al, 2018;Mariajancyrani et al, 2013;Trentin et al, 2013).…”