Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies

Abstract

Infection, as a common postoperative complication of orthopedic surgery, is the main reason leading to implant failure. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as a promising antibacterial agent and always used to modify orthopedic implants to prevent infection. To optimize the implants in a reasonable manner, it is critical for us to know the specific antibacterial mechanism, which is still unclear. In this review, we analyzed the potential antibacterial mechanisms of AgNPs, and the influences of AgNPs on osteogenic-related cells, including cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, were also discussed. In addition, methods to enhance biocompatibility of AgNPs as well as advanced implants modifications technologies were also summarized.

Electrodeposition of Silver Amalgam on Thin Gold Film Electrodes for Voltammetric Detection of 4‐Nitrophenol and DNA Labeled with Osmium Tetroxide‐Bipyridine Complex

“…Recent progress in this field combines research in chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry and material sciences, where nanotechnology and metal nanoparticles take advantage of their exceptional properties, e. g. high surface area, biocompatibility, catalytic effects, enhancement of charge transfer or unique optical properties. Metal nanoparticles can be used for: i) immobilization or labeling of biomolecules; ii) catalysis of electrochemical reactions; iii) enhancement of electron transfer; and iv) they can act as reactants/agents, e. g. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐angiogenic, and anti‐cancer . A very promising application for nanotechnology consists of micro‐ or even nano‐ electrode array fabrication in combination with high throughput microfluidic or “lab‐on‐chip” systems , which might be combined with electrochemical, optical (e. g. fluorescence, Raman, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopies) or even spectroelectrochemical (UV/VIS, electrochemiluminiscence) detection.…”

Exogenous Production of Silver Nanoparticles by Tephrosia apollinea Living Plants under Drought Stress and Their Antimicrobial Activities

“…It has been established that AgNPs possess strong antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [55]. However, previous investigations have not provided a definite answer on whether Gram-negative [56] or Gram-positive bacteria [57,58] are more sensitive to AgNPs. While most of the T. apollinea synthesized NPs in our study were bactericidal against E. coli, they were only bacteriostatic against S. aureus.…”

“…The higher sensitivity of Gram-negative E. coli to AgNPs compared to gram-positive S. aureus is due to the structural features of the bacterial cell wall. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria (30 nm) is thicker than Gram-negative bacteria (5-6 nm) due to the presence of multiple layers of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of Gram-Positive bacteria [56]. As a result, gram-negative bacteria may indeed be more susceptible to AgNPs [24].…”

Emerging Priorities for Microbiome Research

“…Many metals are used in nanomedicines -for example, silver nanoparticles are used as antimicrobials. Mucor hiemalisderived silver nanoparticles showed significant antimicrobial properties when tested against six pathological bacterial strains like K. pneumoniae, P. brassicacearum, A. hydrophila, E. coli, B. cereus, and S. aureus along with three fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus flavus (Aziz et al, 2016;Qing et al, 2018). Additionally, silver nanoparticles derived from the fungus Piriformospora indica showed increased cytotoxic effects against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) followed by human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines as compared to chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Aziz et al, 2019).…”