Potential Antioxidative, Anti‐inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Ghrelin, an Endogenous Peptide from the Stomach in SARS-CoV2 Infection

Abstract

The current COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most devastating events in recent history. The respiratory effects of this disease include acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, and pulmonary fibrosis. Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is a peptide hormone secreted mainly by the stomach. Interestingly, ghrelin possesses promising antioxidant, anti-and inflammatory effects, making it an attractive agent to reduce the complications of the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, ghrelin exerts a wide range of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and can mitigate the uncontrolled cytokine production responsible for acute lung injury by upregulating PPARγ and down-regulating NF-κB expression. Ghrelin has also been reported to enhance Nrf2 expression in inflammatory conditions which led to the suppression of oxidative stress. The current opinion summarizes the evidence for the possible pharmacological benefits of ghrelin in the therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

COVID‐19 and varicocele: The possible overlap factors and the common therapeutic approaches

“…In addition, ghrelin also increases the expression of transcription factor Nrf2 which induces the antioxidants transcription and reduces the oxidative stress. Therefore, according to the aforementioned properties, the use of ghrelin in the treatment of COVID‐19 can be a proper option 144 …”

“…In addition, ghrelin also increases theF I G U R E 2The potential therapeutic application of common antioxidants, hormone, gasotransmitter, and drugs in the varicocele patients with the SARS-CoV-2 infection expression of transcription factor Nrf2 which induces the antioxidants transcription and reduces the oxidative stress. Therefore, according to the aforementioned properties, the use of ghrelin in the treatment of COVID-19 can be a proper option 144.…”

Neuropsychiatric Disorders and COVID-19: What We Know So Far

“…To date, no connection between a COVID-19 and ghrelin could be established. Because of its endogenous function in the brain and the previous knowledge that ghrelin plays a role in inflammatory processes and cytokine flow, it remains a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of neurological problems during a COVID infection [ 93 , 94 ]. Ghrelin has been shown to play a role in the treatment of neurological problems during a COVID-19 infection.…”

Regulatory Peptides in Asthma

“…The anti-inflammatory action of ghrelin occurs mostly via the inhibition of the NFκB pathway [240,241], and not by scavenging intracellular ROS [226] even if ghrelin has antioxidant properties [228,233,242]. The influence of ghrelin on oxidative stress inflammation and its role in immunity has been summarized by Wang et al [243], Baatar et al [225] and Jafari et al [244], among others, who detailed the characteristics of the cytokines involved in the anti-inflammatory action of ghrelin.…”