Potential application of nanoemulsified garlic oil blend in mitigating the progression of type 2 diabetes-mediated nephropathy in Wistar rats

Evidential support for garlic supplements against diabetic kidney disease: a preclinical meta-analysis and systematic review

“…Eight studies reported the measurement of KI. 71,72,76,77,82,84 Garlic and its components could also decrease KI compared with the model group (SMD: −2.43 [95% CI: −4.03, −0.83], P = 0.003; heterogeneity: I 2 = 87%, P < 0.00001) (Fig. 6(a)).…”

“…When the remaining 176 articles were evaluated by browsing the titles and abstracts, 136 of them were eliminated because they were reviews, comments, case reports, non-DKD models, not treated with garlic and its components, or non-animal studies. The following were the primary reasons for removing 16 studies after carefully reading the entire text: (1) absence of primary outcomes that have been predetermined; (2) [58][59][60][61][62][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] Over 70% of the literature was published within the previous ten years (i.e., 2012-2022), and the first of these included studies appeared in 2007, indicating that the great potential of garlic in the treatment of DKD is of increasing recent interest. Fig.…”

“…In addition, the lowest and maximum daily doses for the components of garlic were 15 mg kg −1 and 150 mg kg −1 , respectively. Since three research teams-Yuvashree, Mong, and Yin-designed two different garlic intervention groups, each regarded as an independent study (Yuvashree 2020(A), 77 Yuvashree 2020(B), 77 Mong 2012(A), 76 Mong 2012(B), 76 Yin 2007(A), 83 and Yin 2007(B)) 83 in the meta-analysis. Table 1 lists the specific characteristics of the listed studies.…”

“…2 The chemical structure of garlic components. 59,61,66,67,70,72,73,75,[77][78][79][80]82,84 3 studies got 5 points (12.5%), 62,76,83 and 1 study got 6 points (4.17%). 71 Only one study divided experimental animals into groups using a random number table, 71 while one study was assigned according to the results of body weight; 73 the information concerning this procedure was not mentioned in the remaining research.…”

“…Since the housing conditions for animals were stated in 18 studies in all as being the same, we assumed that the animals were randomly housed during the experiment. [59][60][61][62]66,67,70,71,73,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81]83,84 Two studies 60,81 performed random outcome assessment, but the specific randomized procedures were not reported. In terms of blinding of intervention measures and outcome evaluation, every study was unable to determine the precise risk.…”