Potential Biomedical Limitations of Graphene Nanomaterials

Abstract

Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) possess mechanical stiffness, optical properties, and biocompatibility making them promising materials for biomedical applications. However, to realize the potential of graphene in biomedicine, it must overcome several challenges that arise when it enters the body’s circulatory system. Current research focuses on the development of tumor-targeting devices using graphene, but GFNs accumulated in different tissues and cells through different pathways, which can cause toxic reactions leading to cell apoptosis and body dysfunction when the accumulated amount exceeds a certain limit. In addition, as a foreign substance, graphene can induce complex inflammatory reactions with immune cells and inflammatory factors, potentially enhancing or impairing the body’s immune function. This review discusses the biomedical applications of graphene, the effects of graphene materials on human immune function, and the biotoxicity of graphene materials.

Resorbable conductive materials for optimally interfacing medical devices with the living

“…Because of the thickness of individual layers (a few angstroms), graphene can be soft and flexible, yet strain-resistant and optically transparent. Based on a hexagonal honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, graphene is also biocompatible and can be functionalized easily for better interactions with tissues or other materials though its impact on the immune system is being questioned ( Ban G et al, 2023 ). Endogenous peroxidases such as human myeloperoxidase can degrade graphene in the form of a single or a few layers, in tens of hours to days ( Ma et al, 2020 ).…”

A Narrative Review on the Promising Potential of Graphene in Vaccine Design: Evaluating the Benefits and Drawbacks of Carbon Nanoplates in Nanovaccine Production

“…The biocompatibility and biodegradability of graphene-based materials are crucial factors that determine their safety and efficacy in vivo. However, the long-term fate and potential accumulation of graphene-based materials in the body remain unclear, which may raise concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health [ 30 , 65 ].…”

Potential of graphene-based nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering

“…When the number of GBNs accumulating in various tissues and cells through various pathways reaches a critical threshold, harmful responses occur, leading to cell death and bodily dysfunction. 187 Therefore, it is necessary to know the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of GBNs, including information on their efficient absorption, biodistribution, and elimination from the body. 188 For clinical translation of GBNs, it is also important to determine the most effective method of administration, the optimal dosage for therapeutic benefits, and the biodegradability of GBNs.…”

“…185,186 Complex inflammatory reactions involving immune cells and inflammatory substances can be triggered by GBNs; these reactions may either strengthen or weaken the immune system. 187 GBNs’ interaction with the immune system is a major factor in determining their biocompatibility. As previously mentioned, the material's surface chemistry plays a pivotal role in this interaction.…”