Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom

Lewis, Clare M.; Persoons, Antoine; Bebber, Daniel P.; Kigathi, Rose N.; Maintz, Jens; Findlay, Kim; Bueno-Sancho, Vanessa; Corredor-Moreno, Pilar; Harrington, Sophie A; Kangara, Ngonidzashe; Berlin, Anna; Garcia, Richard L.; Germán, Silvia; Hanzalová, A.; Hodson, David; Hovmøller, Mogens S.; Espino, Julio Huerta; Imtiaz, M.; Mirza, Javed Iqbal; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; Niks, Rients E.; Omrani, Ali; Patpour, Mehran; Pretorius, Z. A.; Roohparvar, Ramin; Sela, Hanan; Singh, Ravi P.; Steffenson, Brian J.; Visser, B.; Fenwick, Paul; Thomas, Jane; Wulff, Brande B. H.; Saunders, Diane G. O.

doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0013-y

Cited by 114 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…7a and Supplementary Fig. 7) showed a very similar overall topology to that reported previously for most of these isolates 27 . The five isolates of the Ug99 lineage, and the thirteen South African and Australian isolates each formed a separate tight clade, consistent with their proposed clonal nature 19-21 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…We used the haplotype-phased genome references for Pgt 21-0 and Ug99 to determine genetic relationships within a set of global Pgt isolates using publicly available sequence data 18,24,27 . Maximum likelihood trees based on whole genome SNPs (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For whole genome SNP calling and phylogenetic analysis we used Illumina DNA sequence data (Supplementary Table 17) from the five Ug99 lineage isolates described here, seven Australian isolates we described previously 18,24 as well as 31 global isolates 27 downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; PRJEB22223). All sequence data files were checked for read quality using FASTQC software 80 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation

Upadhyaya

Sperschneider

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Generation of genetic diversity is crucial for the evolution of new traits, with mutation and sexual 34 recombination as the main drivers of diversity in most eukaryotes. However, many species in the 35 fungal kingdom can propagate asexually for extended periods and therefore understanding alternative 36 mechanisms contributing to genetic diversity in asexual populations has been of great interest 1,2 . Some 37 fungi can use a parasexual mechanism to exchange genetic material independently of meiosis 2 . This 38 process involves anastomosis of haploid hyphae and fusion of two nuclei to generate a single diploid 39 nucleus, which subsequently undergoes progressive chromosome loss to generate recombinant haploid 40 offspring. Parasexuality has been described in members of the ascomycete phylum (64% of described 41 fungal species) in which the dominant asexually propagating form is haploid 3 . However, in 42 basidiomycete fungi (34% of described species), the predominant life stage is generally dikaryotic, 43 with two different haploid nuclei maintained within each individual 3 . The role of non-sexual genetic 44 exchange between such dikaryons in generating genetic diversity is not known. 45 Basidiomycetes include many fungi with critical ecosystem functions, such as wood decay and 46 plant symbiosis, as well as agents of important human and plant diseases 1 . Rust fungi (subphylum 47 Pucciniomycotina) comprise over 8,000 species including many pathogens of major agricultural and 48 ecological significance 4 . These organisms are obligate parasites with complex life cycles that can 49 include indefinite asexual reproduction through infectious dikaryotic urediniospores. Early researchers 50 speculated that rust fungi can exchange genetic material during the asexual phase 5-8 , but these 51 hypotheses could not be confirmed molecularly. Some naturally occurring rust pathotypes have been 52 suggested to have arisen by somatic hybridisation and genetic exchange based on limited molecular 53 evidence of shared isozyme or random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers 9,10 . Mechanisms 54 underlying genetic exchange are unknown, but may involve hyphal anastomosis followed by nuclear 55 exchange and/or nuclear fusion and recombination 11 . Recent advances in assembling complete karyon 56 sequences in rust fungi 12,13 provide the opportunity to definitively detect and discriminate between 57 nuclear exchange and recombination. 58 4The Ug99 strain (race TTKSK) of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 59 (Pgt) presents a significant threat to global wheat production 14 . It was first detected in Uganda in 1998 60 and described in 1999 15 , and has since given rise to an asexual lineage that has spread through Africa 61 and the Middle East causing devastating epidemics 14 . The origin of the Ug99 lineage is unknown, 62 although it is genetically distinct from other Pgt races 16,17 . To resolve the genetic makeup of Ug99, we 63 generated a haplotype-phased genome reference for the origi...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation

Upadhyaya

Sperschneider

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…for the observed GY reduction (16.31% compared with N 2 ) is the significant increase in LR and SR severity with increasing N supply (Mains, 1917;Huber and Watson, 1974;Ash and Brown, 1991;Lewis et al, 2018). Hence, our results indicated a significant correlation between the rust disease (LR and SR) susceptibility scores and N supply.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Effect of Deprivation and Excessive Application of Nitrogen on Nitrogen Use Efficiency‐Related Traits Using Wheat Cultivars, Lines, and Landraces

et al. 2019

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The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) has identified the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated area in the developing countries, which includes Egypt as Mega‐environment 1 (ME1). Agriculture intensification is expected to take place in this region to keep up with a continuously growing population, which might lead to more N application and losses because of the low N use efficiency (NUE) observed in this area. A panel of 40 wheat accessions including 10 commercially grown cultivars (CGCs), 10 elite lines from the CIMMYT, and 20 landraces from Egypt and Ethiopia were evaluated for grain yield (GY), grain protein content (GPC), NUE, agronomic NUE (AGNUE), stem rust, leaf rust, plant height (PH), leaf area, and total chlorophyll content (TCC), under four N levels. The panel was planted in two growing seasons (i.e., 2015–2016 and 2016–2017) and two locations. The results indicated that most of the CGCs were considered N efficient and N responsive. On the other hand, most landraces were N inefficient and nonresponsive because they produced higher GPC, PH, and TCC but had lower GY, AGNUE, and NUE. Furthermore, the landraces were less sensitive to the excessive N supply. ‘Sakha 94’, a commercially grown cultivar, was the most N efficient and N responsive; hence, it produced the highest GY at all N levels. The overall results might be scaled up to cover other Mediterranean basin regions that have similar environmental conditions.

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“…The disease appears after flowering on stems and leaf sheaths, in the form of rust-brown oblong powdering with urediniospore pustules that coalesce in the form of brown stripes and tearing of the epidermis. This disease can reduce winter wheat yields by up to 80% [3]. The Ug99 stem rust emergence in 1999 [4], which overcame the rust resistance of many varieties [5], made it urgent to find sources of resistance and to identify new winter wheat varieties with these genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Stem Rust Resistance Genes in the Winter Wheat Collection from Southern Russia

Алабушев

Vozhzhova

Kupreyshvili

et al. 2019

Plants

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The high yield potential of winter wheats cannot be realized due to disease pressure under field conditions. One of the most harmful of such diseases is stem rust, hence the constant search for sources of resistance and the development of new varieties resistant to stem rust is of great relevance. This study deals with the identification of stem rust resistance genes in a collection of winter wheats grown in Southern Russia. This genepool has not been studied yet. A total of 620 samples of winter soft wheat from various ecological and geographical zones were tested under field conditions. To identify the specific genes or alleles responsible for resistance, all samples were genotyped using PCR. As a result, the groups of resistant samples, carrying the Sr2, Sr31, Sr38 and Sr44 genes in various combinations, were identified. Most of the stem rust resistance was provided by the presence of the effective Sr44 gene. This information can be used in the future breeding work for stem rust resistance.

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Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom

Cited by 114 publications

References 37 publications

Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation

Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation

Effect of Deprivation and Excessive Application of Nitrogen on Nitrogen Use Efficiency‐Related Traits Using Wheat Cultivars, Lines, and Landraces

Identification of Stem Rust Resistance Genes in the Winter Wheat Collection from Southern Russia

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