Potential for the desalination of a brackish groundwater aquifer under a background of rising sea level via salt intrusion prevention river gates in the coastal area of the Red River Delta, Vietnam
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Estimation of Groundwater Recharge from Rainfall for Arid Coastal Plain of Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnams
Estimation of groundwater recharge from rainfall is a key factor for determining groundwater resources in water development and management for supporting sustainable socio-economic development, especially for arid areas. The paper presents finite element modeling in the simulation of moisture transfer in unsaturated soils through the relationship between soil moisture, soil suction, unsaturated permeability and soil-moisture dispersivity. Those parameters required for soil moisture transfer are derived from the soil-water characteristic curve functions. Element sizes and time steps used in the modelling have been selected based on a detailed analysis of numerical simulation errors. The methodology had been applied to arid coastal plain area of Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. Five subsurface soil types in the study area have been collected and analyzed, for saturated permeability, porosity, saturated soil water content, field moisture content, etc. Hourly rainfall data of the years 2014–2018 have been analyzed and grouped into different-duration rainfall events (1-hour, 2-hour, 3-hour and so on). The different rainfall durations and depths of rainfall events and temporal infiltration determined by the moisture transfer modelling have allowed determining the groundwater recharge from the rainfall data. The results show that during the rainy months from May to December 2014–2018, the groundwater recharge from the rainfall is very varying through the modeled soil profiles, from 0.280 m (silty clay) to 0.470 m (sandy silt), which is equivalent to 33.3%—55.2% of the rainfall depth during May—December. Lower infiltration in silty clay is due to low permeability and in the sand is due to low suction, and higher infiltration in silt and sandy silt is thanks to their higher moisture dispersivity. On average, in terms of annual rainfall and soil properties, the average infiltration during May—December is 0.380 m which is equivalent to 44.9% of the rainfall depth, which is about 289 106 m3 of rainwater infiltrated into the Quaternary aquifer over 760 km2 of the coastal plain of Ninh Thuan province. The results would be very useful for effective water resources development and management in a given specific hydrogeological condition for such a severe drought area where water is extremely essential.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge from Rainfall for Arid Coastal Plain of Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnams
Estimation of groundwater recharge from rainfall is a key factor for determining groundwater resources in water development and management for supporting sustainable socio-economic development, especially for arid areas. The paper presents finite element modeling in the simulation of moisture transfer in unsaturated soils through the relationship between soil moisture, soil suction, unsaturated permeability and soil-moisture dispersivity. Those parameters required for soil moisture transfer are derived from the soil-water characteristic curve functions. Element sizes and time steps used in the modelling have been selected based on a detailed analysis of numerical simulation errors. The methodology had been applied to arid coastal plain area of Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. Five subsurface soil types in the study area have been collected and analyzed, for saturated permeability, porosity, saturated soil water content, field moisture content, etc. Hourly rainfall data of the years 2014–2018 have been analyzed and grouped into different-duration rainfall events (1-hour, 2-hour, 3-hour and so on). The different rainfall durations and depths of rainfall events and temporal infiltration determined by the moisture transfer modelling have allowed determining the groundwater recharge from the rainfall data. The results show that during the rainy months from May to December 2014–2018, the groundwater recharge from the rainfall is very varying through the modeled soil profiles, from 0.280 m (silty clay) to 0.470 m (sandy silt), which is equivalent to 33.3%—55.2% of the rainfall depth during May—December. Lower infiltration in silty clay is due to low permeability and in the sand is due to low suction, and higher infiltration in silt and sandy silt is thanks to their higher moisture dispersivity. On average, in terms of annual rainfall and soil properties, the average infiltration during May—December is 0.380 m which is equivalent to 44.9% of the rainfall depth, which is about 289 106 m3 of rainwater infiltrated into the Quaternary aquifer over 760 km2 of the coastal plain of Ninh Thuan province. The results would be very useful for effective water resources development and management in a given specific hydrogeological condition for such a severe drought area where water is extremely essential.
Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Over the past twenty years, government advisory bodies have placed increasing emphasis on the need for adaptive measures in response to the effects of human-induced climate change. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which incorporate macroeconomic and climate variables, feature prominently in advisory content, though they rarely draw on data from outside strictly constrained hypothetical systems. This has led to assertions that they are not well-suited to approximate complex systemic human-environment processes. Modular, interdisciplinary approaches have offered a way to address this shortcoming; however, beyond climate records, prehistoric data continue to be under-utilised in developing such models. In this paper we highlight the contribution that archaeology and palaeoecology can make to the development of the next generation IAMs that are expected to enhance provision for more local and pro-active adaptations to future climate change. We present data from one of Southeast Asia’s most heavily developed river deltas: the Red River (Song Hong) Delta, in Vietnam and localised analysis from the Tràng An Landscape Complex World Heritage Site, on the delta’s southern margin. Comparison is made between Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) 5–8.5 and SSP2–4.5 emission projection models and the Mid-Holocene inundation of the Red River Basin. We highlight the value to taking a scientific long view of coastal evolution through an illustrative set of eight research foci where palaeo-data can bring new and localised empirical data to bear on future risk management planning. We proceed to demonstrate the applicability of palaeoenvironmental, zooarchaeological and historical evidence to management and the development of sustainable conservation strategies using Tràng An as a case study. In so doing, we further highlight the importance of knowledge exchange between scientific, corporate, non-governmental, local, and state stakeholders to achieve tangible results on the ground.
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