Potential Human Health Risks of Tannery Waste-contaminated Poultry Feed

Abstract

Background. For over a decade, solid tannery waste has been converted into protein concentrate and used as a feed ingredient because of its cheap availability. However, as chromium sulfate is commonly used in the tanning process, the chromium (Cr) content of tanned skin-cut wastes (SCW) may enter the edible parts of poultry through feed. Therefore, there is a chance that Cr and other heavy metals may be present in the edible portion of poultry and consequently transfer to humans upon poultry consumption. Objectives. In this study, skin-cut wastes (SCW)-based poultry feed and the edible parts of chicken fed with this feed were analyzed to understand the potential health risks of their use as poultry feed. Methods. In the present study, the presence of heavy metal content in SCW, poultry feed, and edible portions of different kinds of chicken was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer methods and the associated health risk estimation was calculated by comparing the target hazard quotient (THQ) value and reference daily intake value. Results. The results revealed the presence of Cr content ranging from 0.12–3.11 mg/kg and lead (Pb) content ranging from 8.06–22.0 mg/kg in SCW. In addition, Cr and Pb were present in the range of 0.27–0.98 mg/kg and 10.27–10.36 mg/kg, respectively, in poultry feed. However, no cadmium (Cd) was found in SCW, but the presence of Cd ranged from 0.03–0.05 mg/kg in feed. When contaminated poultry feed was fed to live poultry, the presence of Cr, Pb and Cd was observed in the edible portions (i. e. skin, liver, gizzard, and meat). Irrespective of the edible parts and chicken type, Cr values ranged from 0.1–2.440 mg/kg; Pb values ranged from 0.257–1.750 mg/kg; and Cd values ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 0.037 mg/kg. Conclusions. The estimated daily intake value, THQ, along with the aggregate hazard index value, indicated a potential risk to consumers through consumption of contaminated chicken. Therefore, the study results clearly demonstrate heavy metals accumulation in chicken due to feeding SCW-based feed. The contaminated chicken further transfers these heavy metals to humans through ingestion. Hence, there is a potential human health risk through consumption of contaminated chicken meat.

RetractedHuman Health Risk of Chromium Intake From Consumption of Poultry Meat and Eggs in Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…15 Chromium concentrations were determined ranging from 0.202–0.780 mg kg −1 in broiler chicken, 0.138–0.440 mg kg −1 in Deshi chicken and 0.111−1.400 mg kg −1 in free range chicken. 9 Higher chromium content was recorded in the flesh than liver, in contrast to the findings of the previous study conducted by Parvin and Rahman. 16 Chromium concentration levels in most of the samples from both flesh and liver were above the WHO permissible limit level of 0.05 mg/kg.…”

“… 14 In that study, chromium concentrations were found ranging from 0.27 mg/kg to 0.98 mg/kg, which were higher than the results of this study. 9 …”

“…Average body weight (BW) was 60 kg for adults. 9 Ingestion rate (IR) was 0.1 kg/day for flesh, 0.02 kg/day for liver, and 0.0372 kg/day for eggs. 10 , 11 …”

“…8 The oral reference dose (RfD) for chromium was 11 mg/kg/day for the essential form of Cr (III) (permitted maximum tolerable daily intake): tolerable intake suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). 9 , 12 The THQ based on non-cancer toxic risk is determined by Equation 3 . …”

Assessment of Trace Metals in Consumer Chickens in Bangladesh

“…Cadmium levels found in the current study were similar to the levels reported in previous studies 0.012–0.227 mg/kg and 0.45–2.23 mg/kg in different tissues of chicken respectively,21,6 and higher than those reported by Gonzalez-Weller et al (0.0017 mg/kg),22 Bari et al (0.01 to 0.031 mg/kg),23 Skalicka et al (0.019 to 0.061 mg/kg)24 and Orisakwe et al (0.234 mg/kg)25 and lower than 0.059 to 9.36 mg/kg 26…”