2022
DOI: 10.1177/20420188221139612
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Potential immunological effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender people – an unexplored area of research

Abstract: There are well-described sex-based differences in how the immune system operates. In particular, cisgender (cis) females have a more easily activated immune system; associated with an increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases and adverse events following vaccinations. Conversely, cis males have a higher threshold for immune activation, and are more prone to certain infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Oestrogen and testosterone have immune-modulatory properties, and it is likely that … Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Finally, the scientists elucidate the collision of gender-specific lifestyle, behavior, health, psychological stress, and socioeconomic conditions on COVID-19 and discuss sex-specific aspects of antiviral therapies. The effect of sex hormones, estrogen, and testosterone on immune system reactions has been demonstrated, outcoming in fewer strong immunologic responses in males and following a rise in mortality and morbidity from viral respiratory illnesses (White et al,2022). In inclusion, the X chromosome carries the largest number of immune-related genes in the human genome and maybe as well donate to females' higher immune response (as well as a female distinction in autoimmune diseases) (Libert et al,2010).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Finally, the scientists elucidate the collision of gender-specific lifestyle, behavior, health, psychological stress, and socioeconomic conditions on COVID-19 and discuss sex-specific aspects of antiviral therapies. The effect of sex hormones, estrogen, and testosterone on immune system reactions has been demonstrated, outcoming in fewer strong immunologic responses in males and following a rise in mortality and morbidity from viral respiratory illnesses (White et al,2022). In inclusion, the X chromosome carries the largest number of immune-related genes in the human genome and maybe as well donate to females' higher immune response (as well as a female distinction in autoimmune diseases) (Libert et al,2010).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Age-related deregulation of the immune system depends on a reduction in sex hormone concentrations and receptor signaling with ageing [ 147 ]. However, it is noteworthy that hormonal replacement therapies do not modify the outcome of vaccination [ 148 ].…”
Section: Sex Dimorphisms In Immune Response To Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As many autoimmune diseases exhibit sex differences in incidence [discussed in [2,3,163]], gender-affirming surgery and hormonal treatments may alter risk for development of such conditions [164,165]. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune condition that affects many tissues, is more common in women, but men have more severe disease possibly for a variety of reasons [166].…”
Section: Consequences Of Homosexuality and Gender Dysphoria On Health...mentioning
confidence: 99%