Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Species Richness of Long‐Distance Migrants

Abstract

Little evidence exists demonstrating that global climate change leads to systematic changes in the structure of ecological communities. For avian communities, one would expect warmer winters to lead to declines in numbers of long‐distance migrants if resident birds benefit from warmer winters and impose increasing competitive pressure on migrants. To study the potential influence of global climate change on long‐distance migrants, we correlated the number of all species of land birds and the number and proportion of long‐distance migrants, short‐distance migrants, and residents in 595 grid cells across Europe. We used mean temperature of the coldest month, mean spring temperature, and spring precipitation as measures of climatic conditions in winter and during the breeding period. The number and proportion of long‐distance migrants decreased with increasing winter temperature, decreasing spring temperature, and increasing spring precipitation. We used this spatial relationship between bird community structure and climate in Europe to make predictions about changes in bird communities of the Lake Constance region, Central Europe, between two census periods ( 1980–1981 and 1990–1992 ). Winter temperature in this region increased significantly between the two censuses, whereas spring temperature and precipitation did not change. As predicted from the models, the proportion of long‐distance migrants decreased and the number and proportion of short‐distance migrants and residents increased between the two censuses. The significant declines of the long‐distance migrants in the Lake Constance region are of a magnitude that can be explained by the observed climate change. Our results suggest that increasingly warmer winters may pose a more severe threat to long‐distance migrants than to the other bird groups.

The detection of climate impacts: some methodological considerations

“…Grabherr et al, 1994;Thomas and Lennon, 1999;Archaux, 2004;Konvicka et al, 2004), community change (e.g. Pounds et al, 1999;Sagarin et al, 1999;Lemoine and Böhning-Gaese, 2003;Peñuelas and Boada, 2003) and population change (e.g. Archaux, 2004) can all be detected from such repeat work.…”

Climate change and its impact on Australia's avifauna

“…The start of their reproduction may be constrained by a less variable spring arrival date, dictated by endogenous rhythm (Saether 2000;Both and Visser 2001). Further, resident birds may benefit from warmer winters and impose increasing competitive pressure on migrants (Lemoine and Bohning-Gaese 2003). There is therefore likely to be considerable asymmetry in the effects of climate change on long-and short-distance migrants, with an increasing advantage for short-distance migrants.…”

Climate change and the effect of increasing spring temperatures on emergence dates of the butterfly Apatura iris (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

“…A wide range of effects to natural systems has been attributed to current climatic warming, including: advancement of bud burst, flowering, fruiting and nesting (Fitter et al, 1995;Lechowicz, 1995;Crick et al, 1997;Colombo, 1998) and changes to development rates, physiology, morphology and migration (Jenni & Kery, 2003;Dullinger et al, 2004). The impacts are far reaching, including latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in species ranges (Archaux, 2003;Cotton, 2003;Johnstone & Chapin, 2003) and with consequences for whole communities and ecosystems (Skre et al, 2002;Georges & Le Maho, 2003;Lemoine & Bohning-Gaese, 2003;Travis, 2003). Despite the mounting evidence of the impact of global climatic change, long-term data on natural systems are sporadic and modelling change and impact therefore becomes necessary (e.g., Coppack & Both, 2002;Malcolm et al, 2002;Higgins et al, 2003;Pearson & Dawson, 2003).…”