Potential, Implications and Solutions Regarding the Use of Rendered Animal Fats in Aquafeeds

Abstract

Problem statement:In the past, aquafeeds were comprised largely of fish meal and fish oil derived from marine reduction fisheries. In addition to being highly palatable and readily digested by cultured fishes, these feedstuffs were historically inexpensive sources of protein, energy and essential nutrients. However, increasing cost and concerns over safety and sustainability have greatly incentivized the transition from fish meal and oil to alternative sources of protein and lipid for aquafeed formulation. Fish oil replacement is proving more difficult than originally anticipated, particularly for marine carnivorous species. Approach: If complete fish oil replacement is not a viable goal for fish nutritionists and aquafeed manufacturers, at a minimum, we must strive for judicious use of limited marine-derived resources. In the present review, we explore the opportunities of using rendered fats as alternatives to marine-derived fish oils in aquaculture feeds, beginning with a discussion of the products themselves before reviewing the most recent literature and concluding with a discussion of the future of these products in aquafeed formulations. Results: Rendered fats have not been as intensively evaluated in aquaculture nutrition as grain and oilseed-derived lipids, although a number of recent publications on the subject suggest increasing interest in the use of rendered products in aquafeeds. Conclusion: Poultry fat, beef tallow, pork lard and to a lesser extent, yellow/restaurant grease and catfish oil, have been investigated individually or in combination with other lipids in feeds for a broad range of cultured taxa with generally acceptable results.

Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Composition, and Consumer Appeal of Rainbow Trout Reared on Feeds Containing Terrestrially Derived Rendered Fats

“…In terms of rendered fat alternatives to fish oil, beef tallow, pork lard, and poultry fat have been successfully used singly or in lipid blends in feeds for rainbow trout and other Oncorhynchus spp. (reviewed by Trushenski and Lochmann 2009). Thus, the lack of production performance effects that we observed is consistent with previous attempts to spare fish oil with alternative lipids, including rendered fats, in feeds for salmonids and other fishes (Trushenski and Lochmann 2009;Turchini et al 2009) That the composition of fish tissues reflects dietary fatty acid intake is a well-established paradigm, having been demonstrated in numerous species and reviewed extensively (Tocher 2003;Trushenski et al 2006;Turchini et al 2009).…”

“…To save money and spare limited marine resources, dietary fish oil can be replaced with terrestrial plant-and animal-derived lipids. In most cases, growth performance can be maintained on reduced-fish-oil aquafeeds and sometimes even on fish-oil-free feeds (Bureau 2006;Ng et al 2007;Pickova and Møkøre 2007;Trushenski and Lochmann 2009;Turchini et al 2009). However, when fish oil is replaced with alternative lipids, the fatty acid composition of the feeds and, in turn, the fillets is affected.…”

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of antivirus drug-lamivudine in TiO2 dispersion

“…These results are consistent with our previous work evaluating these lipids [34], and unsurprising given that over 90% of total fatty acids in CO are SFA, the composition of PO is roughly 50% SFA and 40% MUFA and neither alternative lipid contains LC-PUFA (unpublished data). The effects of fish oil replacement on dietary fatty acid profile observed in the present study were also consistent with the well-established effects of fish oil sparing on the composition of aquafeeds [37][38][39].…”

Thoughts for the Future of Aquaculture Nutrition: Realigning Perspectives to Reflect Contemporary Issues Related to Judicious Use of Marine Resources in Aquafeeds

“…). This research has encouraged investigation of previously underappreciated lipid sources, such as rendered animal fats (Trushenski and Lochmann ), in aquafeed formulation.…”