Potential Markers of Insulin Resistance in Healthy vs Obese and Overweight Subjects

Abstract

Background. Insulin resistance can lead to the metabolic syndrome, which may have cardiovascular and metabolic consequences. The study aimed at verifying the serum concentration levels of the adipose tissue proteins adiponectin, adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein (a-FABP) and acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and the potential use of these markers for early diagnosis of insulin resistance.Methods and results. Healthy subjects (Group A, n = 53), overweight subjects (Group B, n = 29) and obese subjects (Group C, n = 51) were studied. Those in Groups B and C had symptoms of insulin resistance. The subjects were selected based on clinical and laboratory findings. The concentrations of adiponectin were highest in the healthy subjects in Group A (14.18 ± 6.99 mg/), lower in the overweight subjects in Group B (11.12 ± 4.46 mg/l) and lowest in the obese subjects in Group C (8.15 ±2.70 mg/l). The a-FABP values were lowest in Group A (20.23 ± 7.95 mg/l), higher in Group B (32.22 ± 15.56 mg/l) and highest in Group C (40.43 ± 23.31 mg/l). The concentrations of ASP were lowest in the Group A healthy subjects (43.01 ± 22.78 nmol/l), higher in the Group B overweight subjects (50.58 ± 25.57 nmol/l) and highest in the Group C obese subjects (54.70 ± 26.41 nmol/l). Statistically significant correlation coefficients in subjects from all groups among the markers studied describe the highest correlation is between a-FABP and BMI (r = 0.48), adiponectin and QUICKI (r = 0.42), adiponectin and triacylglycerols (r = -0.35), ASP and BMI (r = 0.33) and adiponectin and BMI (r = -0.31).Conclusions. The concentrations of all studied markers were different in the healthy subjects as compared to the overweight or obese ones. Adiponectin proved to be a good indicator of insulin sensitivity, the low concentration of which could signal the initial stage of insulin resistance. A-FABP proved to be a prominent marker of "adiposity" in association with the development of insulin resistance. ASP did not prove to show significant differences between the overweight and healthy subjects, but significant differences were found between the obese and healthy subject.

Acylation Stimulating Protein, Complement C3 and Lipid Metabolism in Ketosis-Prone Diabetic Subjects

“…On the other hand, while ASP levels are increased in a number of metabolic disorders associated with obesity [12] , [36] , these do not always follow hand in hand. Obesity is not an essential feature of elevated ASP levels, as ASP is still increased in lean subjects with T2DM [37] , suggesting that elevated ASP may be a compensatory increase associated with adipose tissue dysfunction or insulin resistance [38] .…”

The Effect of Dietary Supplements Containing Green Tea, Capsaicin and Ginger Extracts on Weight Loss and Metabolic Profiles in Overweight Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

“…However, dietary supplementation with 300 mg/day of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate for 12 weeks in obese women did not affect insulin resistance and lipid profiles [38]. Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction [39]. Insulin resistance is considered to be responsible for the development of all constituents of the metabolic syndrome, which in turn may have cardiovascular and metabolic consequences [39].…”

“…Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction [39]. Insulin resistance is considered to be responsible for the development of all constituents of the metabolic syndrome, which in turn may have cardiovascular and metabolic consequences [39]. Green tea, capsaicin and ginger intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism through increased AMP-activated protein kinase activation, modulating the expression of genes involved in metabolism, particularly in adipose tissue [40] and decreasing apoptosis of β-cells by potentiating insulin/IGF-1 signaling [35].…”

Effect of Yoga Exercise on Metabolic and Homeostatic Parameters of Insulin Resistance

“…Simple fasting methods to measure insulin resistance, such as the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUIC-KI) methods, have been widely promoted for studies, because of the possibility of evaluating insulin sensitivity from the levels of glycaemia and insulinaemia with the help of the homeostatic indices HOMA-IR and QUICKI which is for use in general practice (17,18). The significant difference in the glycaemia level (p= 0.017164), insulinemia (p<10 -6 ) and homeostatic indices calculated based on these values HOMA-IR (p<10 -6 ) and QUICKI (p<10 -6 ) may be seen very positively as they indicate the protective effect of yoga exercise against the development of insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome.…”