Potential of commercial microwave link network derived rainfall for river runoff simulations

Smiatek, Gerhard; Keis, Felix; Chwala, Christian; Fersch, Benjamin; Kunstmann, Harald

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa5f46

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As clarified in the last paragraph, rain characteristics in tropical regions may cause a real obstacle against the propagation of mm‐wave signals. Raindrops may interact with the propagated signal by imposing various physical effects such as scattering, reflection, absorption, depolarization, and rain temperature . Each raindrop will act as an obstacle facing the microwave signal, particularly, when raindrop size is comparable to the signal wavelength as depicted in Figure .…”

Section: Precipitation Impact On Mm‐wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The explosive daily dependence on wireless communication services necessitates the research to establish ultrawideband communication systems with ultrahigh bit rate transmission capabilities. The advent of the fifth-generation (5G) microwave link transmitting at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band is a promising technology to accommodate the escalating demand for wireless services. In this frequency band, however, the behavior of the transmission channel and its climatic properties are a major concern. This is of particular importance in tropical regions where the climate is mainly rainy with large raindrop size and high rainfall rate that may interact destructively with the propagating signal and cause total attenuation for the signal. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a global rain attenuation model to characterize the effect of rain on the propagating signal at a wideband of frequencies. The validity of this model in tropical regions is still an open question for research. In this paper, real measurements are conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of mm-waves at 26 GHz over the microwave 5G radio link system. Rainfall rate and rain attenuation data sets are collected for one year at one sample per min sampling rate. Both data sets are used to estimate signal propagation conditions in comparison to the ITU model prediction. From the presented results, it is found that at 0.01% percentage of time and rainfall rate of about 120 mm/hr, the propagated signal would experience 26.2 dB losses per kilometer traveled. In addition, there is a significant deviation between the empirical estimation of the worst month parameters and the ITU worst month parameter prediction. Similarly, rainfall rate and rain attenuation estimated through the ITU model imposes a large deviation as compared with the measurements. Furthermore, more accurate empirical worst month parameters are proposed that yielded more accurate estimation of the worst month rainfall and rain attenuation predictions in comparison to the ITU model predictions. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3697. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett

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Section: Precipitation Impact On Mm‐wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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“…10). The present rainfall monitoring gauges alone were not able to correctly capture these events (Smiatek et al, 2017).…”

Section: New Insights and Novel Scientific Findingsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Comprehensive long‐term integrated observations in different compartments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) of the terrestrial system are used to set up, further develop, and apply various process models for site‐ and regional‐scale or catchment‐scale simulations. The evaluation of the energy balance closure problem for evapotranspiration estimates (Mauder et al, 2018) and the methodology development to use commercial microwave links for precipitation quantification and improved discharge modeling (Smiatek et al, 2017) are prominent examples. TERENO Pre‐Alpine observations have been used in conjunction with physically based process models to examine the impacts of land cover–management and climate change on ecosystem‐atmosphere cycling of energy (e.g., large‐eddy simulation model PALM; Maronga et al [2015]), water (e.g., WaSiM and GEOtop; Kunstmann et al, 2006), as well as C and N (e.g., LandscapeDNDC; Haas et al [2013]).…”

Section: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TERENO Pre‐Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydrological, and Biogeochemical Measurements and Modeling

Kiese

Fersch

Baeßler

et al. 2018

Vadose Zone Journal

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Global change has triggered several transformations, such as alterations in climate, land productivity, water resources, and atmospheric chemistry, with far reaching impacts on ecosystem functions and services. Finding solutions to climate and land cover change-driven impacts on our terrestrial environment is one of the most important scientific challenges of the 21st century, with farreaching interlinkages to the socio-economy. The setup of the German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) Pre-Alpine Observatory was motivated by the fact that mountain areas, such as the pre-alpine region in southern Germany, have been exposed to more intense warming compared with the global average trend and to higher frequencies of extreme hydrological events, such as droughts and intense rainfall. Scientific research questions in the TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory focus on improved process understanding and closing of combined energy, water, C, and N cycles at site to regional scales. The main long-term objectives of the TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory include the characterization and quantification of climate change and land cover-management effects on terrestrial hydrology and biogeochemical processes at site and regional scales by joint measuring and modeling approaches. Here we present a detailed climatic and biogeophysical characterization of the TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory and a summary of novel scientific findings from observations and projects. Finally, we reflect on future directions of climate impact research in this particularly vulnerable region of Germany.

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“…The effect increases further with higher frequency bands, rainfall rates, longer path length, and larger raindrop sizes. This attenuation, caused by rain, reduces the reliability, systems availability, reception of signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR), and overall performance of the communications link . As a result, rain attenuation is a real and concerning issue facing the implementation of mm‐waves, especially in tropical regions with consistent heavy rainfall such as Malaysia.…”

Section: The Effect Of Rain On the Propagation Of Mm‐wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions

Shayea

Rahman

Azmi

et al. 2018

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Millimeter waves (mm‐waves) within frequency bands of 10 to 86 GHz will be used for both microwave and access link fifth‐generation (5G) systems. Thus, it is very important to investigate these bands to ensure reliability when 5G is applied in tropical regions like Malaysia in the coming few years. One of the major obstacles facing the propagation of mm‐waves in tropical regions is the rain attenuation. Rainfall results in the absorption, scattering, and diffraction of radio waves. This contributes to increased transmission losses and a reduction in the received signal levels. The effect is more severe in tropical regions that are characterized by intense heavy rainfall and large raindrop sizes. This paper provides a general overview on rain attenuation of mm‐wave bands. It highlights the nature of rain in tropical regions and its effects on the propagation of mm‐waves. It also reports the latest measurement studies focused on rain attenuation in mm‐wave frequency bands and the prediction methods used to estimate rain attenuation in mm‐waves. It contributes to the understanding of channel behavior and the characterization of mm‐wave bands during rainfall in tropical regions, especially in Malaysia. This study further strives to determine research gaps in this field as well as the future work and various propagation measurement systems that can be used to conduct real measurements and to develop prediction models for rain attenuation in mm‐waves for 5G systems. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the rain rate and rain attenuation on the basis of real measurement data conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia at Skudai Campus, Malaysia. The analyzed results indicated that the rain attenuation at 38 GHz is critical and it can result in 18.4 dB/km as specific rain attenuation at 0.01% percentage of the time.

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Potential of commercial microwave link network derived rainfall for river runoff simulations

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

The TERENO Pre‐Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydrological, and Biogeochemical Measurements and Modeling

Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions

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