Potential of long non-coding RNAs as a therapeutic target and molecular markers in glioblastoma pathogenesis

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GB) is by far the most hostile type of malignant tumor that primarily affects the brain and spine, derived from star-shaped glial cells that are astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Despite of significant efforts in recent years in glioblastoma research, the clinical efficacy of existing medical intervention is still limited and very few potential diagnostic markers are available. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that lacks protein-coding capabilities were previously thought to be “junk sequences” in mammalian genomes are quite indispensible epigenetic regulators that can positively or negatively regulate gene expression and nuclear architecture, with significant roles in the initiation and development of tumors. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of these distortedly expressed lncRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Since the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, more and more research have elucidated that lncRNAs are one of the most promising prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioblastoma. In this paper, I briefly outlined the existing findings of lncRNAs. And also summarizes the profiles of different lncRNAs that have been broadly classified in glioblastoma research, with emphasis on both their prognostic and therapeutic values.

Biomolecules to Biomarkers? U87MG Marker Evaluation on the Path towards Glioblastoma Multiforme Pathogenesis

“…The merits of this study center on encouraging in vitro research to be extended into the assessment of patient-derived tissue. Our findings for prominin-1, ICAM-1 and GAS5 in GBM support the data of other research groups [ 53 , 59 , 61 , 65 ]. In addition, this investigation is the first to show the predominant expression of PARTICLE in GBM pathology, facilitating future research into this important tumor activator.…”

Emerging Concepts on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Cargo Contents in Glioblastoma-Microglial Crosstalk

“…Next generation sequencing of GDEV-RNA significantly shows the presence and involvement of many long noncoding RNAs in GBM pathogenesis which are aberrantly expressed. Long noncoding RNA forms the largest class of noncoding RNA with approximately 10,000 lncRNA genes and significantly lacking open reading frames (ORFs) [90]. In GBM, various lncRNAs, for example, linc-POU3F3, linc-CCAT2, antisense transcript of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (AHIF), set-binding factor 2 antisense RNA1 (SBF2-AS1), activated by TGF-β (ATB), HOTAIR, maternally imprinted gene (H19), Gas5, lncGRS1, PVT1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG 15 ), colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), MALAT1, TP73-AS1, lncRNA TMZ-associated lncRNA in GBM recurrence (lnc-TALC), and lnc-UCA1 are found to be overexpressed aiding cancer cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis, TMZ, and radiation resistance and immunosuppression [87].…”

“…Additionally, the detailed list of other lncRNAs dysregulated in GBM is well explained in recent articles [87,90,[96][97][98].…”

lncRNA Biomarkers of Glioblastoma Multiforme

“…These components are typically segregated into several distinct compartments known as tumour niches, which may differ morphologically and functionally even within a single tumour. Numerous studies confirm the involvement of lncRNAs in many molecular processes in GBM tissue [13][14][15][16]. Revealing their precise function could aid in the discovery of new therapeutic approaches.…”