Diterpenes are a structural class of molecules that are derived from four isoprene subunits and are widespread throughout nature. A number of neoclerodane diterpenes have been found to have biological activity but a limited number of chemical investigations have been conducted. Recently, the neoclerodane diterpene, salvinorin A (12) has been investigated due to its unique pharmacological profile. This review will discuss the chemical methods used to chemically modify and synthesize 12.
Keywords diterpene; neoclerodane; salvinorin A; Salvia divinorumTerpenes are a wide variety of 10-carbon skeletons formed from the coupling of two isoprene subunits.1 They are ubiquitous in nature as they are used as biosynthetic building blocks in many living organisms including plants and animals.1 There are many different types of terpenes and they are classified by their structure.1 Diterpenes are one class that possess a core 20-carbon skeleton and are found in many different plant families and some animals. 1 They are biosynthesized by two different pathways, the mevalonic acid pathway (MVA) or the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway (DOXP). 2-5 Diterpenes are of interest as many have been found to have biological activity. Some biologically active diterpenes include taxol (1), cafestol (2) and kahweol (3) (Figure 1). Diterpenes 1-3, isolated from Taxus brevifolia 6 and Coffea arabica respectively, 7,8 all display anticancer properties.One type of structural class of diterpenes are clerodanes which are found in many different plant families and contain four contiguous stereocenters contained in a cis or trans decalin (4). 9,10 Various clerodane diterpenes have been isolated and displayed biological activity. These include columbin (5), isolated from the roots of Calumbae radix ,11 which has cancer chemo-preventive properties 12 and clerocidin (6), isolated from Oidiodendron truncatum ,13 which has shown antibiotic activity. 13 Terpentecin (7), a microbial clerodane diterpene from © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Despite their biological properties, few synthetic works have been published on neoclerodane diterpenes. 9,20-22 One neoclerodane diterpene that has been investigated recently is salvinorin A (12). Neoclerodane 12 is isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum, and has shown to have hallucinogenic effects. [23][24][25][26] However, 12 is unlike classical hallucinogens, as it does not interact with the 5-HT 2A receptor. 25,27 Rather, 12 is a selective κ opioid agonist. 28 This was the first report of a neoclerodane d...