Potential virulence factors of Streptococcus dysgalactiae associated with bovine mastitis

Calvinho, Luis Fernando; Almeida, Ricardo Augusto Monteiro de Barros; Oliver, S. P.

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00172-2

Cited by 70 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…For example, the highest correlation (0.77) was found between S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis, which both belong to the same genus. Furthermore, S. dysgalactiae and S. aureus share some characteristics; for example they are both known to invade mammary epithelial cell and thereby cause chronic infections (Almeida et al, 1996;Calvinho et al, 1998). This may be the reason for the high genetic correlation (0.71) between these two pathogens, which indicates that mammary immune responses to these pathogens share some characteristics.…”

Section: Genetic Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic parameters for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance in Danish Holstein Cattle

Sørensen

Madsen

Mark

et al. 2009

Animal

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The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities for and genetic correlations among different pathogen-specific mastitis traits. The traits were unspecific mastitis, which is all mastitis treatments regardless of the causative pathogen as well as mastitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. Also groups of pathogens were investigated, Gram-negative v. Gram-positive and contagious v. environmental pathogens. Data from 168 158 Danish Holstein cows calving first time between 1998 and 2006 were used in the analyses. Variances and covariances were estimated using uni-and bivariate threshold models via Gibbs sampling. Posterior means of heritabilities of pathogen-specific mastitis were lower than the heritability of unspecific mastitis, ranging from 0.035 to 0.076 for S. aureus and S. uberis, respectively. The heritabilities of groups of pathogen ranged from 0.053 to 0.087. Genetic correlations among the pathogen-specific mastitis traits ranged from 0.45 to 0.77. These estimates tended to be lowest for bacteria eliciting very different immune responses, which can be considered as the overall pleiotropic effect of genes affecting resistance to a specific pathogen, and highest for bacteria sharing characteristics regarding immune response. The genetic correlations between the groups of pathogens were high, 0.73 and 0.83. Results showed that the pathogen-specific traits used in this study should be considered as different traits. Genetic evaluation for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance may be beneficial despite lower heritabilities than unspecific mastitis because a pathogen-specific mastitis trait is a direct measure of an udder infection, and because the cost of a mastitis case caused by different pathogens has been shown to differ greatly. Sampling bias may be present because there were not pathogen information on all mastitis treatments and because some farms do not record pathogen information. Therefore, improved recording of pathogen information and mastitis treatments in general is critical for a successful genetic evaluation of udder health. Also, economic values have to be specified for each pathogen-specific trait separately.

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Section: Genetic Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic parameters for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance in Danish Holstein Cattle

Sørensen

Madsen

Mark

et al. 2009

Animal

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“…Surface coating with plasma proteins including immunoglobulins in combination with M-like proteins may serve to reduce phagocytosis. Release of hyaluronidase and fibrinolysin may be of value in tissue penetration and dissemination [12].…”

Section: Streptococcus Dysgalactiae Subspecies Equisimilismentioning

confidence: 99%

The pathogenic equine streptococci

2004

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-Streptococci pathogenic for the horse include S. equi (S. equi subsp. equi), S. zooepidemicus (S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus), S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. pneumoniae capsule Type III. S. equi is a clonal descendent or biovar of an ancestral S. zooepidemicus strain with which it shares greater than 98% DNA homology and therefore expresses many of the same proteins and virulence factors. Rapid progress has been made in identification of virulence factors and proteins uniquely expressed by S. equi. Most of these are expressed either on the bacterial surface or are secreted. Notable examples include the antiphagocytic SeM and the secreted pyrogenic superantigens SePE-I and H. The genomic DNA sequence of S. equi will greatly accelerate identification and characterization of additional virulence factors and vaccine targets. Although it is the most frequently isolated opportunist pyogen of the horse, S. zooepidemicus has been the subject of few contemporary research studies. Variation in the protectively immunogenic SzP proteins has, however, been well characterized. Given its opportunist behavior, studies are urgently needed on regulation of virulence factors such as capsule and proteases. Likewise, information is also very limited on virulence factors and associated gene regulation of S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. It has recently been shown that equine isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae are clonal, a feature shared with S. equi. All equine isolates express capsule Type III, are genetically similar, and have deletions in the genes for autolysin and pneumolysin. In summary, the evolving picture of the interaction of the equine pathogenic streptococci and their host is that of multiple virulence factors active at different stages of pathogenesis. The inherent complexity of this interaction suggests that discovery of effective combinations of immunogens from potential targets identified in genomic sequence will be laborious.

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“…In contrast to this our study indicates that lactoferrin plays a role in preventing infection by S. dysgalactiae species by interfering with bacterial adhesion of the mammary epithelial cell. This has significance with regards to establishing intramammary infections by this pathogen, as adherence is an important stage in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis (Calvinho et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mastitis infection occurs when a bacterial pathogen gains entry to the mammary gland via the teat canal. Infection is then established through bacterial evasion of both the anatomical and humoral defence mechanisms of the mammary gland (Zhao and Lacasse, 2008) Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) has been described as both a contagious mastitis pathogen (Fox et al, 1993) and an environmental pathogen (Calvinho et al, 1998) and has been detected in clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis cases (Girma et al, 2012;Bitew et al, 2010;Piepers et al, 2007;Barrett et al, 2005). Traditional mastitis control programmes have had limited effects on reducing the incidence of S. dysgalactiae infections due to the adaptability of the bacteria (Bolton et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactoferrin affects the adherence and invasion of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae in mammary epithelial cells

O’Halloran

Beecher

Chaurin

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae is an important causative agent of bovine mastitis worldwide. Lactoferrin is an innate immune protein that is associated with many functions including immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between lactoferrin and a clinical bovine mastitis isolate, S. dysgalactiae spp. dysgalactiae DPC5345. Initially a deliberate in vivo bovine intramammary challenge was performed with S. dysgalactiae DPC5345. Results demonstrated a significant difference in lactoferrin mRNA levels in milk cells between the control and infused quarters 7 hours post infusion. Milk lactoferrin levels in the S. dysgalactiae DPC5345 infused quarters were significantly increased compared to control quarters at 48 h post infusion. In vitro studies demonstrated that lactoferrin had a bacteriostatic effect on the growth of S. dysgalactiae DPC5345 and significantly decreased the ability of the bacteria to internalise into HC-11 mammary epithelial cells. Confocal microscopy images of HC-11 cells exposed to S. dysgalactiae and lactoferrin further supported this effect by demonstrating reduced invasion of bacteria to HC-11 cells. The combined data suggests that a bovine immune response to S. dysgalactiae infection includes a significant increase in lactoferrin expression in vivo and, based on in vitro data, lactoferrin limits mammary cell invasion of this pathogen by binding to the bacteria and preventing its adherence.

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Potential virulence factors of Streptococcus dysgalactiae associated with bovine mastitis

Cited by 70 publications

References 95 publications

Genetic parameters for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance in Danish Holstein Cattle

Genetic parameters for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance in Danish Holstein Cattle

The pathogenic equine streptococci

Lactoferrin affects the adherence and invasion of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae in mammary epithelial cells

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