Potentialities of graphene and its allied derivatives to combat against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract

Graphene is a two-dimensional material with sp2 hybridization that has found its broad-spectrum potentialities in various domains like electronics, robotics, aeronautics, etc.; it has recently gained its utilities in the biomedical domain. The unique properties of graphene and its derivatives of graphene have helped them find their utilities in the biomedical domain. Additionally, the sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has immensely expanded the research field, which has also benefitted graphene and its derivatives. Currently, the world is facing a global pandemic due to the sudden outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, from its major onset Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. Presently, many new variants and mutants appear, which is more harmful than previous strains. However, researchers and scientists are focused on understanding the target structure of coronavirus, mechanism, causes and transmission mode, treatment, and alternatives to cure these diseases in this critical pandemic situation; many findings are achieved, but much more is unknown and pending to be explored. This review paper is dedicated to exploring the utilities of graphene and its derivatives in combating the SARS-CoV-2 by highlighting their mechanism and applications in the production of biosensors, personal protection equipment (PPE) kits, 3-D printing, and antiviral coatings. Further, the paper also covers the cytotoxicity caused by graphene and its derivatives and highlights the graphene-based derivatives market aspects in biomedical domains. Thus, graphene and graphene-derived materials are our new hope in this pandemic time, and this review helps acquire broad knowledge about them.

Fluorescent Biosensors for the Detection of Viruses Using Graphene and Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials

“…Furthermore, graphene has tunable optical characteristics, which are highly useful for optical readouts in fluorescent LOCs to detect a wide variety of viruses, ranging from Influenza virus to the present SARS-CoV-2 virus [ 105 ]. For the detection of H1N1, Joshi et al fabricated a stable, reproducible, and green device based on rGO flakes [ 108 ]. For the detection of avian Influenza, Roberts et al developed a functionalized graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) with an LOD of 10 fM [ 109 ].…”

State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis

“…The main challenge for constructing biosensors is to capture a signal of very low magnitude which takes place between the bio-receptor and the analyte, which is improved by employing nanomaterials. Recent studies have reported that nanomaterial-based biosensors ( Figure 2 ) have shown wide application in the development of biosensors and can be a substitute tool that allows for the direct identification of analytes, as they possess high selectivity and cost-effectiveness, are easily fabricated, reliable, sensitive, and user-friendly, and are the best technique for point-of-care test (POCT) diagnostics [ 44 , 50 , 51 ].…”

“… Applications of graphene oxides (GO) and their strengths (reproduced with permission from Hashmi, A., et al, 2022, Mater. Today Adv., 13, 100208 [ 51 ]). …”

“… Illustration of sandwich-type immunosensor for determination of avian influenza virus H7 (reproduced with permission from Hashmi, A., et al, 2022, Mater. Today Adv., 13, 100208 [ 51 ]). …”

Copper‐triazine‐dendrimer‐functionalized‐graphene oxide: Synthesis, characterization, and application in green synthesis of propargylamines

“…[17] Due to the ease of versatility of surface chemical modifications, GO has been employed with spectacular success in catalysis, drug delivery, environmental remediation, biomedical domain, and material science. [20][21][22] Recently, researchers have revealed that the GO-based materials are cheap and green heterogeneous catalysts for various important organic reactions. [23][24][25] In order to harness the combined benefits of GO and triazine-based dendrimers, it was envisioned to synthesize a copper-triazine-dendrimer-functionalized GO (CTD-GO), through covalent linkages (Scheme 1).…”