“Potentially Toxic Element”─Something that Means Everything Means Nothing

Zhang, Xiaokai; Barceló, Damià; Clougherty, Robert J.; Gao, Bin; Harms, Hauke; Tefsen, Boris; Vithanage, Meththika; Wang, Hailong; Wang, Zhengyu; Wells, Mona

doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c03056

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This suggests that mitigation efforts to protect children's health from these toxic substances must be tailored to the specific pollutant landscape of each region. However, it is noteworthy that, currently, most of the assessed heavy metals and metalloids lack a defined safe level for this specific age group 28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Mendoza‐Cano,

Ríos‐Silva,

Gonzalez-Curiel

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Environmental exposure to heavy metals and metalloids, originating from sources such as mining and manufacturing activities, has been linked to adverse renal effects. This cross-sectional study assessed children's exposure to these elements and its association with urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). We analyzed data from 99 school-aged children residing in nine localities within the state of Colima, Mexico, during the latter half of 2023. Levels of 23 metals/metalloids and urinary KIM-1 were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Detectable levels of these contaminants were found in over 91% of participants, with varied exposure profiles observed across locations ($$p$$ p = 0.019). After adjusting for confounding factors like gender, age, and locality, higher levels of six metals/metalloids (boron, cadmium, cesium, lithium, selenium, zinc) were significantly associated with increased KIM-1 levels. Tailored mitigation efforts are crucial to protect children from regional pollutant burdens. However, limitations exist, as our study did not capture all potential factors influencing heavy metal/metalloid and KIM-1 levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Mendoza‐Cano,

Ríos‐Silva,

Gonzalez-Curiel

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…2 ), the j takes values as j ¼ 3 2 and j ¼ 1 2 . Thus, upon counting spin degeneracy, the p 3=2 orbital splits into fourfold degenerate m j ¼ AEj manifold that is p þ3=2 , p þ1=2 , p À1=2 , and p À3=2 for heavy electrons.…”

Section: Spin-orbit Coupling (Soc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the Pb‐based forms have been estimated to have poisoned around 1/3 rd of total children population across the world. [ 1 ] The Pb poisoning results in loss of intelligence and badly affects the cognitive and neurological development; there exists no safe limit of Pb dose. According to World Health Organization, Pb is more dangerous than the combined effect of other listed chemicals of concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to World Health Organization, Pb is more dangerous than the combined effect of other listed chemicals of concern. [ 1 ] Therefore it's impending to identify potential Pb alternatives with similar ns 2 configuration. It's isovalent alkaline earth metals (group IIA), for example, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra in the CsMX 3 framework, show electronic properties more suitable for charge selective layer than photovoltaic (PV) absorber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Insights on Pb‐Free Rhombohedral CsGeI₃ over Cubic CsMX₃ (M‐: Pb, Sn, Ge, and X‐: Cl, Br, I) Perovskite‐Based Single‐Junction Solar Cell with Efficiency >30%

Kale,

Pal,

Dixit

2024

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Herein, density functional theory‐based comparative studies on cubic CsMX3 (M‐: Pb, Sn, Ge; X‐: Cl, Br, I) and rhombohedral CsGeI3 perovskites are reported. The structural stability indicator analysis shows that Ge‐based perovskites may exhibit small rhombohedral distortion led by lone pair (4) electrons on off‐centering Ge atom. The role of lone pair on Ge atom in rhombohedral distortion is corroborated by bond length, electronegativity, and charge density distributions. Nearly agreeable bandgap () values are noticed for cubic CsPbX3 (X‐: Cl, Br, I) and rhombohedral CsGeI3, and the corresponding values are 3.04, 2.30, 1.72, and 1.45 eV, respectively. The effect of Jishi et al. reparameteried Tran–Blaha‐modified Becke–Johnson exchange‐correlation (XC) potential is discussed in context of optoelectronic properties. The changes in bandgap are attributed to the lifting of electronic degeneracy either by spin‐orbit coupling or symmetry lowering in rhombohedral distortion. The rhombohedral CsGeI3 is thus further emphasized to account its ferroelectricity with computed total polarization () around 32.75 μC cm−2. The suitable (1.45 eV), high absorption (≈105 cm−1), tolerable reflectivity (19%), and carrier effective masses (0.61 and 0.27) enable rhombohedral CsGeI3 (superior 30.5% spectroscopy‐limited maximum efficiency [SLME] at 1 μm thickness) to outperform conventional CsPbI3 (27.6% SLME at 1 μm) and others which may attract PV community to further address its underexplored promise.

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“…Some trace elements are micronutrients for plants or animals, while others do not have any known biological function. The use of the term "heavy metals" has been questioned, especially in recent years (Nieboer and Richardson, 1980;Duffus, 2002;Hodson, 2004) and the terms "trace elements," "toxic elements," "potentially toxic elements," "soft acid metal ions" or "class B metal ions" are preferred by some authors (Nieboer and Richardson, 1980;Madrid, 2010;Pourret and Hursthouse, 2019;Zhang et al, 2022). However, the term "heavy metals" is often found in current publications and other authors support continuing to use it, as a well-established expression utilised for decades in the environmental field (Batley, 2012;Gustin et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forms of Toxic and Trace Metals in Grassland Soils of Galicia, Spain

López-Mateo¹,

Marcos-Rodríguez²,

Díaz-Rodríguez³

et al. 2023

Span. J. Soil Sci.

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The application of cattle slurry to agricultural soils contributes to the circular economy, while enriching the soil in macro and micronutrients and organic matter. However, this practice can have deleterious environmental effects, by adding toxic metals and other contaminants. The pseudo-total concentrations of nine potentially toxic and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd and Pb) as well as metals extracted by DTPA, Mehlich 3 and 0.01 M CaCl2 were determined in Galician (NW Spain) grassland soils regularly receiving cattle slurry. Four soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm) were sampled and analysed. The pollution condition was assessed by comparing the pseudo-total concentrations with generic reference levels for Galician soils and by using pollution indices. The results indicated the absence of soil pollution by Fe, Ni, Co, Cr and Pb and a situation of no pollution to moderate pollution by Mn, Zn and Cu. Cd was the element most frequently enriched in the studied soils according to the pseudo-total, DTPA and Mehlich-3 concentrations, while the extraction by CaCl2 pointed to no environmental risk. The study supports the lithogenic character of Fe, Ni, Co and Cr, the mixed lithogenic and anthropogenic nature of Mn, Zn and Cu and the anthropogenic origin of Cd in these soils. The latter element can be added by both the application of cattle slurry and inorganic phosphate fertilisers.

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“Potentially Toxic Element”─Something that Means Everything Means Nothing

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Theoretical Insights on Pb‐Free Rhombohedral CsGeI₃ over Cubic CsMX₃ (M‐: Pb, Sn, Ge, and X‐: Cl, Br, I) Perovskite‐Based Single‐Junction Solar Cell with Efficiency >30%

Forms of Toxic and Trace Metals in Grassland Soils of Galicia, Spain

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“Potentially Toxic Element”─Something that Means Everything Means Nothing

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Metal concentrations and KIM-1 levels in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study

Theoretical Insights on Pb‐Free Rhombohedral CsGeI3 over Cubic CsMX3 (M‐: Pb, Sn, Ge, and X‐: Cl, Br, I) Perovskite‐Based Single‐Junction Solar Cell with Efficiency >30%

Forms of Toxic and Trace Metals in Grassland Soils of Galicia, Spain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Theoretical Insights on Pb‐Free Rhombohedral CsGeI₃ over Cubic CsMX₃ (M‐: Pb, Sn, Ge, and X‐: Cl, Br, I) Perovskite‐Based Single‐Junction Solar Cell with Efficiency >30%