Potentially toxic elements in toys and children’s jewelry: A critical review of recent advances in legislation and in scientific research

Güney, Mert; Kismelyeva, Symbat; Akimzhanova, Zhanel; Beisova, Kamila

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114627

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…1 Some studies reported correlation of decrease of Full-Score and Performance IQ, with four-years children, and higher frequency of attention and behavioral disorders in children A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t aged 7-16 years with higher levels of Cd in blood and hair. 1,4,[17][18][19][20][21] Similarly to the Pb, EU adopted recently new limits for cadmium content in children's toys: 1.3 mg kg -1 (instead of previous 1.9 mg kg -1 ) for dry, brittle, powder-like and playable toys and 0.3 mg kg -1 (instead of previous 0.5 mg kg -1 ) for liquid or sticker toys. 9 Chromium is present in our environment as a result of both natural occurring element in Earth's crust and anthropogenic activities, such as mining and industrial activities.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic elements in children’s crayons and colored pencils: Bioaccessibility assessment

Djogo-Mracevic

Ražić

Trisic³

et al. 2022

JSCS

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Crayons and colored pencils for children may contain toxic elements (TEs) exhibiting potential risk for children?s health including cognitive development, after their ingestion, through mouthing and chewing and eventually, their accumulation. The aim of this study was to determine total content of As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Sb and estimate their bioaccessibility conducting artificial saliva extraction. Sixty samples of colored pencils and crayons from 10 manufacturers were analyzed. Microwave acid assisted digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was performed for determination of total content of TE. Simulation of extraction by artificial saliva was applied to get more reliable data when bioavailability is concerned. The total concentrations of TE were higher in colored pencils than in crayons and their maximum levels were: 5.78, 9.36, 9.97, 0.615, and 6.63 mg kg-1 for As, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni respectively. Concentration of Sb was below the detection limit for all investigated samples. This study showed that concentration of As and Pb in several samples did not comply with European Union regulative. Bioaccessibility study showed the high degree of leaching of Cr and As from pencils, but regardless of extracted portions, concentrations of selected investigated TE were below allowed levels.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic elements in children’s crayons and colored pencils: Bioaccessibility assessment

Djogo-Mracevic

Ražić

Trisic³

et al. 2022

JSCS

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“…In June 2010, 12million promotional drinking glasses sold at Mc Donald's were recalled due to painted coating contained a high level of Cd (Becker, Edwards et al 2010). The CPSC website for recall shows that more than 18million items have been withdrawn from the market due to high Pb levels between 2007-2018 and recall data from Canada's o cial website included a wider list bet 2007 -2018 1.6million products have been o cially recalled for Pb contamination in 138incidents (Becker, Edwards et al 2010, Guney and Zagury 2012, Njati and Maguta 2019, Guney, Kismelyeva et al 2020 In Pakistan, to the author's knowledge, this is the rst scienti c investigation that evaluates the presence of toxic contaminations in low-priced children's plastic toys randomly collected from the local markets in Karachi. For this purpose, in the rst stage, only low-priced items are selected for analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination by hazardous elements in low-priced children’s plastic toys bought on the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

Gul

Tanoli

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Children's plastics toys maybe contain toxic metals to which infants and young children can be orally exposed and may pose acute or chronic adverse health effects. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the total metal concentrations (TMCs) of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Mn in children's plastic Toys Bought in the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan, and compared TMCs to different regulatory limits. Total 44 children's plastic toys sourced in the Karachi local markets had analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for heavy metals contaminations. These toy samples had divided into two groups; Plastic toys (DCT) and Plastic toys with paints or coatings (DPCT). For plastic toys, 83% (19) of samples had TMCs that exceeded European Union (EU) toy safety regulation limits for Pb, and 65% (15) of samples that exceeded for Cd. For plastic toys with paints or coating, 43% (9) of samples had TMCs that exceeded EU migration limits for Pb and 24%(5) for Cd. More than 20 samples exceeded the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (U.S. CPSC), Canadian, and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) toy safety regulation limits. In toys samples (n = 44) very high TMCs of Pb (64%), Cd (45%), Cr(5%), and Ni (2%) were observed. Zn, Cu, and Mn TMCs were also existing but below the Regulation limits. The Contamination levels of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni and smaller extent of Zn, Cu, and Mn still pose health issues in children and may cause serious problems in their health.

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“…Dermal uptake of chemicals via inadvertent contact with article surfaces has been recognized as an important input pathway that may lead to potential human health risk. − For example, the geometric mean concentration (5.8 μg L –1 ) of urinary bisphenol A in participants mimicking occupational dermal exposure by continuously holding thermal printing receipts without gloves for 2 h was approximately 3 times higher than that (1.8 μg L –1 ) in participants handing receipts with gloves . The mass transfer potentiality of and dermal exposure to chemicals contained in articles can be simulated through wiping the article surface by surrogate skin, e.g., dry cotton wipes, frequently assisted with isopropanol/ethanol or artificial human sweat. − In addition, artificial sweat has been utilized as a surrogate to assess the chemical migration potentiality from articles to human sweat. − The article surface-to-skin transfer of chemicals is a complex process, however, and can be influenced by certain mechanical contact factors, such as physiological skin conditions and the nature of the materials . So far, only limited information is available about mechanical contact with contaminated surface inducing dermal and hand-to-mouth exposures. ,, In a previous study, a glass plate and aluminum sheet were spiked with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to assess the impact of contact type (e.g., press and smudge) and contact pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of Frictional Contact Derived Phthalates from Pad Surface Enhances Dermal Exposure

Jiang

Bao

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Dermal exposure to chemicals derived from object surface contact is an important contributor to increased health risk. However, chemical transfer induced by mechanical friction between dermal and object surface has yet to be adequately addressed. To fill this knowledge gap, rubbing fabrics were used as surrogate skins to stimulate dermal mechanical friction with pad products with phthalates as target analytes. The results showed that the amounts of phthalates transferred increased linearly with contact burden (50–1000 g), contact duration (1–10 min), and sliding speed (3.0–9.0 cm s–1). The surface texture of surrogate skins dictated the accumulation of phthalates. Net/pocket micro-surface structures of rubbing fabrics induced a higher accumulation of phthalates than U-shape structures of fabrics with a similar surface roughness. Covering of the pad surface by a layer of textile was effective in minimizing the transfer of phthalates induced by mechanical motion. The estimated transfer efficiency of bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (DEHP) derived from rubbing friction (0.005–0.05%) upon the pad surface over 8 h was greater than those for gas-phase emission (0.00002–0.0005% over 24 h) and sweat transfer (0.008–0.012% over 24 h). These results indicated that dermal frictional contact with the surface of pad products was an important exposure pathway.

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Potentially toxic elements in toys and children’s jewelry: A critical review of recent advances in legislation and in scientific research

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Toxic elements in children’s crayons and colored pencils: Bioaccessibility assessment

Toxic elements in children’s crayons and colored pencils: Bioaccessibility assessment

Contamination by hazardous elements in low-priced children’s plastic toys bought on the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

Transfer of Frictional Contact Derived Phthalates from Pad Surface Enhances Dermal Exposure

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