Poverty, Income inequality and Carbon Emission (CO2e) in Bangladesh: Evidence from ARDL and NARDL model

Abstract

Many researchers have tried to bring out the relationship between poverty and carbon emission in the environment that to a higher percentage result in environmental degradation in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, among other countries across the world. Environmental concern remains the topmost factor of concertation by different organizations in the world. In 2021, for instance, many countries were declared susceptible to the increasing environmental degradation that could result in cases of famine, among other factors. Environmental protection is currently the priority of many firms, businesses, and countries in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). A significant number of studies has been done on the impact of population growth and poverty on carbon emission in Bangladesh. However, the symmetric and asymmetric impact of income inequality, poverty and population on carbon emissions (CO2e) has not been conducted in Bangladesh. Thus, this study was conducted on the short-run and long-run impact of poverty, income inequality, population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita on carbon emission in the country. This effect was investigated using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and also the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) cointegration method in Bangladesh using the 1983 to 2020 yearly data period. Poverty, population density, and GDP per capita raise short-term carbon emissions, whereas economic disparity has minimal influence on long-term emissions. Asymmetric results show economic disparities decrease carbon emissions. The NARDL findings suggest that Bangladesh's economic growth positively influences carbon emissions.

Best Practices for Accelerating Healthy Environmental Policy from Organisation and Government Institutions in Indonesia

“…If the environment and forests are not protected, Indonesia will face a water crisis in the next quarter century. Sadly, there appears to be no effort or policy realization to anticipate his threats (Tanchangya & Ayoungman, 2022).…”