Power Density Measurements at 15 GHz for RF EMF Compliance Assessments of 5G User Equipment

Xu, Bo; Zhao, Kun; Thors, Björn; Colombi, Davide; Lundberg, Oscar; Ying, Zhinong; He, Sailing

doi:10.1109/tap.2017.2712792

Cited by 49 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Figures 7 and 8 show the modulus distributions of the Poynting vector, power deposition, and temperature elevation for TE-and TM-like polarizations, respectively, for an eightelement dipole array. The number of antenna elements was determined by practical considerations (e.g., [34]). The separation distance between the model surface and the antenna array was chosen as 45 mm.…”

Section: Exposure Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Temperature Elevation for Incident Power Densities From Dipole Arrays at 28 Ghz

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relationship between skin temperature elevation and incident power density (IPD) from radio-frequency near-field exposure at 28 GHz for different angles of incidence is evaluated computationally in this study. The averaging scheme of the IPD is crucial for determining the maximum allowable exposure levels of wireless equipment to comply with certain standards/regulations. However, it is still unclear which component of the IPD (i.e., the norm or normal component to the human body) is more related the temperature elevation. In the case of four-element dipole arrays, the distances between the model and the antenna were 15 and 30 mm in transverse-electric-and transverse-magnetic-like polarized waves, respectively, and in the case of eight-element dipole arrays, the distances were 45 mm from the center of the array. From our computational results for four-and eight-element dipole arrays, we confirmed that the normal component of the IPD provides better correlation with the surface skin temperature, regardless of angle of incidence, particularly for smaller angles of incidence (<30 •). The enhancement of the ratio of the temperature increase to IPD was observed around the Brewster's angle, which is mainly attributable to the difference in transmittance at the body surface. This exposure scenario may not occur as the antennahuman distance was too large to consider compliance at the closest distance. In terms of output power, the most restrictive condition for compliance is shown to be normal incidence, suggesting the importance of compliance for such exposure scenarios. Furthermore, the absorbed power density proved to be an appropriate metric to monitor in relation to skin temperature elevation.

show abstract

Section: Exposure Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Temperature Elevation for Incident Power Densities From Dipole Arrays at 28 Ghz

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, our results support the feasibility of extending the use of this model up to 2.5 GHz with reasonable accuracy. Given this experimental evidence, and since the development of 5G technology already resulted in the deployment of RBS stations, it is questionable if our modified C231WI model could be extended to the 3.6-3.8 GHz band, for both monitoring and coverage issues [35][36][37]. Indeed, in the literature, there is a lack of models and experimental strategies for EM propagation in urban environments [38], such as those investigated in this work, even though several studies which cover the synthesis of antennas, protocols, and systems for 5G exist [39][40][41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Field Levels in Built-up Areas with an Irregular Grid of Buildings: Modeling and Integrated Software

Schirru

Ledda²,

Lodi

et al. 2020

Electronics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The knowledge of the electromagnetic field levels generated by radio base stations present in an urban environment is a relevant aspect for propagations and coverage issues, as well as for the compliance to national regulations. Despite the growing interest in the novel fifth generation (5G) technology, several aspects related to the investigation of the urban propagation of the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) mobile systems in peculiar non-rural environments may be improved. To account for irregular geometries and to deal with the propagation in hilly towns, in this work we present an enhanced version of the COST231-Walfisch–Ikegami model, whose parameters have been modified to evaluate the path loss at distances greater than 20 meters from the radio base station. This work addressed the problem of providing an effective, reliable, and quantitative model for the estimation of electromagnetic field levels in built-up areas. In addition, we also developed and tested a pre-industrial software prototype whose aim is to make the estimated electromagnetic field levels available to the key players in the telecom industry, the local authorities, and the general population. We validated the proposed model with a measurement campaign in the small urban and irregular built-up areas of Dorgali (Nuoro), Cala Gonone (Nuoro), and Lunamatrona (Cagliari) in Sardinia (Italy).

show abstract

“…In addition to the major issues that have been analyzed above, other factors, e.g., pre-coding errors, measurement uncertainties and limitations on the human exposure [34]- [37] will also impact the spherical coverage of UEs. Moreover, the spherical coverage of UE's receiver performance is still under discussion [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Zhao

Zhang

Ho³

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands are promising candidate spectrum for the fifthgeneration (5G) mobile communication system, but it requires high directional antenna systems to be applied to the base station and the user equipment (UE) for compensating the high path loss. Due to the randomness of mobile wireless channels, antenna systems in a mobile UE must own a large spherical coverage, which raises new challenges for the performance characterization of 5G mmWave UEs. In the latest specification of the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the requirement on UE's spherical coverage in mmWave frequencies is defined, which is evaluated with the cumulative distribution function of the effective isotropic radiated power. In this paper, the spherical coverage of mmWave UEs is characterized based on the specification of 3GPP, where the impact of device integration, antenna topologies, and user body blockage on the spherical coverage of UE will be analyzed with simulation and measurement results.

show abstract

Power Density Measurements at 15 GHz for RF EMF Compliance Assessments of 5G User Equipment

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Skin Temperature Elevation for Incident Power Densities From Dipole Arrays at 28 Ghz

Skin Temperature Elevation for Incident Power Densities From Dipole Arrays at 28 Ghz

Electromagnetic Field Levels in Built-up Areas with an Irregular Grid of Buildings: Modeling and Integrated Software

Spherical Coverage Characterization of 5G Millimeter Wave User Equipment With 3GPP Specifications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About