Power Sources and Capacitors for Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Untereker, Darrel F.; Schmidt, Craig L.; Jain, Gaurav; Tamirisa, Prabhakar A.; Hossick-Schott, Joachim; Viste, Mark

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-37804-8.00008-0

Cited by 11 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Discharge curves showing background voltage and internal resistance for different battery chemistries. All the graphs except two were derived from digitization of graphs in marketing materials produced by manufacturers and textbooks . The background voltage curve (solid line) of Li/SVO‐CFx plotted with data recovered by digitization of published materials is remarkably close to that plotted with actual numerical data (dashed line—courtesy LivaNova, London, UK).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Since battery depletion rather than component failure is the dominant cause for CIED replacement, the factors affecting device longevity are the same as those affecting battery longevity, which can be grouped under two broad headings: energy available from the battery and energy use by the pulse generator. The energy uses by bradycardia therapy (constant low‐voltage pacing) and tachycardia therapy (periodic high‐output antitachycardia pacing and high‐voltage defibrillation) are very different . The cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) defibrillators (CRTDs) have to provide both bradycardia and tachycardia therapy and will be used to illustrate the factors affecting CIED longevity in general (Table ).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrochemically, a battery (or “cell”) consists of an anode (where oxidation occurs) and a cathode (where reduction occurs) physically separated but electrically connected by ions moving within an electrolyte (usually liquid but may also be solid) . The anode is exclusively made of lithium in all primary batteries used to power CIEDs.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a battery discharges its energy, the reactants of electrochemical reactions are depleted and the products accumulate, causing the electromotive force to fall, the internal resistance to rise, and the ICD charge time to increase (Figs. and ) . By the time the battery voltage drops to ≈2.6 V, the charge time starts to increase significantly and becomes unacceptably long at the point of end‐of‐service.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(A) and (B) are modified from Figs. and in Untereker et al (C) is obtained by statistical analysis of the data from digitization of Figure (A).) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technologies for Prolonging Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Longevity

Lau

2017

Pacing Clinical Electrophis

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Prolonged longevity of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is needed not only as a passive response to match the prolonging life expectancy of patient recipients, but will also actively prolong their life expectancy by avoiding/deferring the risks (and costs) associated with device replacement. CIEDs are still exclusively powered by nonrechargeable primary batteries, and energy exhaustion is the dominant and an inevitable cause of device replacement. The longevity of a CIED is thus determined by the attrition rate of its finite energy reserve. The energy available from a battery depends on its capacity (total amount of electric charge), chemistry (anode, cathode, and electrolyte), and internal architecture (stacked plate, folded plate, and spiral wound). The energy uses of a CIED vary and include a background current for running electronic circuitry, periodic radiofrequency telemetry, high-voltage capacitor reformation, constant ventricular pacing, and sporadic shocks for the cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators. The energy use by a CIED is primarily determined by the patient recipient's clinical needs, but the energy stored in the device battery is entirely under the manufacturer's control. A larger battery capacity generally results in a longer-lasting device, but improved battery chemistry and architecture may allow more space-efficient designs. Armed with the necessary technical knowledge, healthcare professionals and purchasers will be empowered to make judicious selection on device models and maximize the utilization of all their energy-saving features, to prolong device longevity for the benefits of their patients and healthcare systems.

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Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Device Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technologies for Prolonging Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Longevity

Lau

2017

Pacing Clinical Electrophis

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New strategies for energy supply of cardiac implantable devices

Moerke

Wolff

İnce

et al. 2022

Herzschr Elektrophys

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Background Heart disease and atrial fibrillation are the leading causes of death worldwide. Patient morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease can be reduced by more accurate and continuous diagnostic and therapeutic tools provided by cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Objectives Long-term operation of CIEDs continues to be a challenge due to limited battery life and the associated risk of device failure. To overcome this issue, new approaches for autonomous battery supply are being investigated. Results Here, the state of the art in CIED power supply is presented and an overview of current strategies for autonomous power supply in the cardiovascular field is given, using the body as a sustainable energy source. Finally, future challenges and potentials as well as advanced features for CIEDs are discussed. Conclusion CIEDs need to fulfil more requirements for diagnostic and telemetric functions, which leads to higher energy requirements. Ongoing miniaturization and improved sensor technologies will help in the development of new devices.

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