Power to Gas Energy Storage System for Energy Self-sufficient Smart Cities Development

Stand-Alone Microgrid with 100% Renewable Energy: A Case Study with Hybrid Solar PV-Battery-Hydrogen

“…In recent years, many research studies on P2H2P systems have dealt with the energy management systems, controller functions, technical challenges of RESS components, and economic analysis. Studies such as Giorgio Caua et al 2014 [19], L. Valverde et al 2016 [20], Mauricio Higuita Cano 2017 [21] and Yanfeng Liu et al 2018 [11] examined the optimal scheduling of the RESS components to maximize the benefit of the RE and minimize the investment cost. These research studies have concluded that an energy management strategy is essential for the optimal utilisation of the P2H2P systems as well as the optimization of the RESS.…”

“…Further, dealing with hydrogen can bring some new hazards which must be dealt with [52][53][54]. Hydrogen, like all fuels, is a flammable gas with relatively low ignition temperature, with higher gravimetric energy content than most of traditional fuels, which at 298o K is 120-141.8 MJ/kg compared to 44 MJ/kg for gasoline [7,11]. Additionally, hydrogen has the ability to escape through materials, as well as having a destructive capability (i.e., hydrogen embrittlement), which requires additional engineering controls to ensure safe utilisation [7,52].…”

“…However, they all have technical challenges and limitations [5,9]. These limitations raise the necessity for a new approach to store energy in an environmentally friendly way, large-scale capacity and longer discharge duration [9][10][11]. Hence, the innovative idea of storing RE in an energy carrier such as hydrogen, which is storable, transportable and utilizable has encouraged interest worldwide recently [7].…”

“…The simulation results showed that the hydrogen-battery hybrid energy storage system is the most cost-effective scenario, though all developed scenarios are technically possible and economically comparable in the long run, while each has different merits and challenges. It has been shown that the proposed hybrid energy systems have significant potentialities in electrifying remote communities with low energy generation costs, as well as a contribution to the reduction of their carbon footprint and to ameliorating the energy crisis to achieve a sustainable future.A modern microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of localised grouping of distributed electricity generation with storage and multiple electrical loads [11,12]. It can be controlled as one entity or grid, either standalone, completely separate from, or connected to, the existing utility grid [13].…”

“…A modern microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of localised grouping of distributed electricity generation with storage and multiple electrical loads [11,12]. It can be controlled as one entity or grid, either standalone, completely separate from, or connected to, the existing utility grid [13].…”